BASICS V.1

 

List of grappling holds

 

The same hold may be called by different names in different arts or countries.  Some of the more common names for grappling holds in contemporary English include:

 

Joint locks

 

Joint lock: Any stabilization of one or more joints at their normal extreme range of motion.

Can opener: A type of neck crank.

Crucifix: A type of neck crank.

Neck crank: Applies pressure to the neck by pulling or twisting the head.

Nelson: (quarter, half, three-quarter and full): The arm is circled under the opponent's arm, and secured at the neck.

Twister: A type of body bend and neck crank.

Wristlock: A general term for joint locks on the wrist or radioulnar joint.

Wristlocks form the trademark offense of Aikido, and are used in combination with Key locks in catch wrestling.

Small joint manipulation: Joint locks on the fingers or toes.

Spine crank: Applies pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the body.

 

 

Arm locks

 

Armlock: A general term for joint locks at the elbow or shoulder.

Americana: BJJ term for a lateral keylock.

Arm bar: An arm locks which hyperextend the elbow.

Chicken wing: Term for various hammer/key locks, especially among Shoot wrestling and Jeet Kune Do practitioners.

Flying arm bar: A type of arm bar that is performed from a stand-up position.

Hammerlock: Pins the opponent's arm behind the back, with wrist toward their own shoulder.

Juji-Gatame: A type of armbar where the arm is held in between the legs.

Key lock: A shoulder lock where the arm is turned like a key.

Kimura: BJJ term for a medial key lock.

Omoplata: BJJ term for a shoulder lock using the legs.

 

 

 

Leg lock

 

Leg lock: A general term for joint locks at the hip, knee, or ankle.

Ankle lock: A leg lock, which hyper extends the ankle.

Heel hook: A leg lock, which rotates the ankle.

Knee bar: A leg lock, which hyper extends the knee.

Toehold: A type of leg lock which hyper extends the ankle.

 

 

Chokeholds and strangles

 

Anaconda choke: A type of arm triangle chokes.

Arm triangle choke: A chokehold similar to the triangle choke except using the arms.

Cross choke: Athlete crosses own arms in "X" shape and holds onto opponent's gi or clothing.

Gi Choke: or Okuri eri jime as it is known in Judo is a single lapel strangle.

Ezequiel: Reverse of the rear naked choke, using the inside of the sleeves for grip.

Guillotine choke: a facing headlock or choke, usually applied to an opponent from above.

Gear lock: a modified sleeper hold that puts an incredible amount of force on the opponent’s windpipe, choking them out almost instantly if applied properly.

Gogoplata: Performed by putting ones shin on the windpipe of an opponent and pulling the head down.  Typically set up from the rubber guard.

Locoplata: A variation of the Gogo-plata that uses the other foot to push the shin into the windpipe and uses the arm to wrap around the back of the head to grab the foot to secure the choke.

North–south choke: A chokehold applied from the north-south position with opponent facing up.  Uses the shoulder and biceps to cut off airflow.

Rear naked choke: A chokehold from the rear.

Triangle choke: A chokehold, which forms a triangle around the opponent's head using the legs.

 

 

 

Clinch holds

 

Bear hug: A clinching holds encircling the opponent's torso with both arms, pulling toward oneself.

Collar tie: facing the opponent with one or both hands on the back of their head/neck.

Muay Thai clinch: Holding the opponent with both arms around the neck while standing.

Overhook: Holding over the opponents arm while standing.

Pinch grip tie: Term for a particular harness hold, common in Greco-Roman wrestling circles.

Under hook: Holding under the opponent's arm while standing.

Tie: A transitional hold used to stabilize the opponent in preparation for striking or throwing.

 

 

Compression locks

 

Achilles lock: A compression lock on the Achilles tendon.

Biceps slicer: A compression lock on the elbow joint and biceps.

Leg slicer: A compression lock on the calf and thigh.

Figure 4: (also referred to as arm triangle, leg triangle) Term for arranging one's own arm or legs to resemble shape of numeral "4" when holding opponent.

 

 

Pain compliance

 

Chin lock: An arm hold on the chin that hurts the chin.

 

 

Pinning hold

 

Cradle: Compress opponent in a sit-up position to pin shoulders from side mount.

Staple: Using the opponent's clothing to help pin them against a surface.

 

Other

Grapevine: twisting limbs around limbs in a manner similar to a plant vine.

Harness: A hold, which encircles the torso of an opponent, sometimes diagonally.

Headlock: Circling the opponent's head with an arm, especially from the side.  Also called a rear Chancery.

Hooks: Wrapping the arm or leg around an opponent's limb(s) for greater control.

Leg scissors: Causes compressive asphyxia by pressing the chest or abdomen.

Scissor: places the opponent between the athlete's legs (like paper to be cut by scissors).

Stack: Compress opponent in vertical sit-up position (feet up) to pin their shoulders to mat.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of grappling holds

 

The same hold may be called by different names in different arts or countries.  Some of the more common names for grappling holds in contemporary English include:

 

Joint locks

 

Joint lock: Any stabilization of one or more joints at their normal extreme range of motion.

A joint lock is a technique used in martial arts, wrestling, and self-defense to control or manipulate an opponent by applying pressure to a joint, thereby limiting its movement and potentially causing pain or injury. Joint locks can be applied to various joints in the body, including the wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, and ankle, and are often used to subdue or immobilize an opponent without causing significant harm.

 

The concept of joint locks is based on the anatomical structure of joints, which are the points in the body where two or more bones meet and allow for movement. Joints are held together by ligaments and surrounded by muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. When a joint is moved beyond its normal range of motion, it can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, lead to injury.

 

In martial arts, joint locks are used as a form of submission technique, where the goal is to force the opponent to submit by applying pressure to a joint in such a way that it becomes painful or uncomfortable. Joint locks can be applied in a standing position, on the ground, or even from a distance, depending on the martial art and the specific technique being used.

 

One of the key principles of applying a joint lock is to control the opponent's body position and movement. This often involves using leverage and body mechanics to apply the lock with minimal effort and maximum effectiveness. Proper technique is crucial when applying joint locks, as applying too much force or using incorrect positioning can result in injury to the opponent or oneself.

 

There are many different types of joint locks, each targeting a specific joint or group of joints. Some common joint locks include wrist locks, which target the wrist joint and can be applied in various directions to control the opponent's arm movements; elbow locks, which target the elbow joint and can be used to control the opponent's arm or to apply pressure to the joint itself; and shoulder locks, which target the shoulder joint and can be used to control the opponent's upper body movement.

 

In addition to their use in martial arts, joint locks are also used in law enforcement and self-defense training. In these contexts, joint locks are often used to control or restrain an aggressive individual without causing serious injury. Proper training and understanding of joint locks are essential in these situations to ensure that they are applied safely and effectively.

 

In conclusion, joint locks are a versatile and effective technique used in martial arts, wrestling, and self-defense. They involve applying pressure to a joint to limit its movement, and can be used to control, subdue, or immobilize an opponent. Proper technique and training are essential when using joint locks to ensure their effectiveness and to minimize the risk of injury.

 

 

 

 

Can opener: A type of neck crank.

A can opener is a term used in grappling martial arts to describe a specific type of neck crank technique. A neck crank is a submission hold that applies pressure to the neck, causing pain or discomfort and potentially leading to a submission from the opponent. The can opener specifically targets the neck by using the arms to create a lever that applies pressure to the cervical spine.

 

The can opener is typically applied from the closed guard position in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu or other ground fighting martial arts. In this position, one practitioner is on their back with their legs wrapped around the opponent's waist, while the opponent is on top in between the legs. The practitioner on the bottom then uses their hands to grip the opponent's head and neck, pulling upwards and creating a stretching and twisting motion on the neck.

 

The effectiveness of the can opener comes from the leverage created by the arms pulling on the neck, which can put significant pressure on the cervical spine and cause discomfort or pain. The goal of the can opener, like other neck cranks, is to force the opponent to submit or to create an opportunity to transition to a more dominant position.

 

It's important to note that neck cranks, including the can opener, can be dangerous if applied with too much force or without proper control. Excessive pressure on the neck can cause serious injury, including damage to the cervical spine or soft tissues in the neck. For this reason, neck cranks are often restricted in sparring or competition settings to ensure the safety of the participants.

 

In summary, the can opener is a specific type of neck crank used in grappling martial arts to control or submit an opponent. It involves applying pressure to the neck by using the arms as a lever, typically from the closed guard position. While effective, neck cranks like the can opener should be applied with caution to avoid injury.

 

 

 

Crucifix: A type of neck crank.

The crucifix is a grappling technique that is not typically considered a neck crank, but rather a position of control that can lead to various submissions. It is a highly effective technique used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and other grappling martial arts.

 

In the crucifix position, the practitioner traps both of the opponent's arms using their own arms, typically using a combination of overhooks and underhooks. This immobilizes the opponent's upper body, leaving them vulnerable to attacks and submissions.

 

While the crucifix itself is not a neck crank, it can lead to submissions that target the neck or upper body. For example, from the crucifix position, the practitioner can transition to a variety of submissions, including arm locks, shoulder locks, or even choke holds that target the neck.

 

The crucifix is often used as a control position to maintain dominance over an opponent and to set up more advanced submissions. It requires a high level of skill and technique to apply effectively, as well as a strong understanding of body mechanics and leverage.

 

In summary, the crucifix is a grappling position used to control an opponent's arms and upper body. While it is not a neck crank itself, it can lead to submissions that target the neck or upper body. It is a versatile and effective technique that is commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and other grappling martial arts.

 

 

 

 

 

Neck crank: Applies pressure to the neck by pulling or twisting the head.

A neck crank is a submission hold that applies pressure to the neck by pulling, twisting, or otherwise manipulating the head and neck. Neck cranks are commonly used in grappling martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, wrestling, and mixed martial arts (MMA) to force an opponent to submit or to create a positional advantage.

 

Neck cranks can be applied from various positions, including the mount, side control, or from the back. The goal of a neck crank is to create pain or discomfort in the neck area, which can lead to a submission from the opponent. Neck cranks can also be used to control an opponent's movement and to set up other submissions.

 

There are several different types of neck cranks, each with its own variations and techniques. Some common types of neck cranks include:

 

1. Crank from Side Control: In this technique, the practitioner controls the opponent's body from the side and uses their arms to twist the opponent's head and neck, applying pressure to the cervical spine.

 

2. Can Opener: As mentioned earlier, the can opener is a neck crank that is applied from the closed guard position in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The practitioner grips the opponent's head and neck and pulls upwards, creating pressure on the neck.

 

3. Twister: The twister is a submission hold that targets the neck and spine. It is often used in wrestling and involves twisting the opponent's body in a way that applies pressure to the neck and spine.

 

Neck cranks can be dangerous if applied with excessive force or without proper control. They can cause serious injury to the cervical spine or soft tissues in the neck. For this reason, neck cranks are often restricted in sparring or competition settings to ensure the safety of the participants.

 

In summary, a neck crank is a submission hold that applies pressure to the neck by pulling, twisting, or manipulating the head and neck. Neck cranks are used in grappling martial arts to force an opponent to submit or to control their movement. They can be effective techniques when applied correctly, but they should be used with caution to avoid injury.

 

 

 

 

 

Nelson: (quarter, half, three-quarter and full): The arm is circled under the opponent's arm, and secured at the neck.

Nelsons are grappling techniques used in wrestling and other martial arts to control or immobilize an opponent. They involve encircling the opponent's arms and often their neck with one's own arms, creating leverage and control over the opponent's upper body. There are several variations of nelsons, including the quarter nelson, half nelson, three-quarter nelson, and full nelson, each with its own application and level of control.

 

1. Quarter Nelson: In a quarter nelson, the attacker places one hand behind the opponent's neck and the other hand behind the opponent's arm, near the elbow. This creates a lever that allows the attacker to control the opponent's upper body and turn them to the side. The quarter nelson is often used to set up other moves or transitions to a more dominant position.

 

2. Half Nelson: The half nelson is similar to the quarter nelson, but the attacker uses both hands to control one of the opponent's arms. One hand is placed behind the opponent's neck, and the other hand is placed behind the same-side arm, near the elbow. The half nelson is a common wrestling move used to control the opponent's position and set up pinning combinations.

 

3. Three-Quarter Nelson: The three-quarter nelson is a combination of the quarter and half nelsons. The attacker uses one hand behind the opponent's neck and the other hand behind the far-side arm, near the elbow. This creates a strong control over the opponent's upper body and can be used to turn them to the side or set up other moves.

 

4. Full Nelson: The full nelson is the most restrictive and potentially dangerous of the nelsons. In a full nelson, the attacker uses both hands to encircle the opponent's arms, bringing them together behind the opponent's head. This locks the opponent's arms and head in place, limiting their movement. The full nelson is often used as a controlling hold, but it can also be used to apply pressure to the neck and upper back, leading to submission.

 

It's important to note that some variations of the nelson, especially the full nelson, can be dangerous and are often illegal in certain competitive settings due to the risk of injury to the neck and spine. Proper training and technique are essential when practicing nelsons to ensure the safety of both the practitioner and the opponent.

 

 

 

 

Twister: A type of body bend and neck crank.

The twister is a submission hold in grappling martial arts that combines elements of a body bend and a neck crank. It is a highly effective and potentially painful technique used to control or submit an opponent. The twister is most commonly associated with the sport of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and is often used in combination with other techniques to secure a submission.

 

To perform a twister, the practitioner starts in a position where they have control over their opponent's back, typically from the side control position. The practitioner then traps one of the opponent's legs with their own legs and uses their arms to control the opponent's upper body. The practitioner then arches their back, twisting the opponent's spine and neck in opposite directions, creating pressure and discomfort in the neck and spine.

 

The twister is a high-level technique that requires good control and flexibility. It can be used to submit an opponent directly by applying enough pressure to force them to tap out, or it can be used to transition to a more dominant position, such as the mount or back mount.

 

It's important to note that the twister can be dangerous if applied with too much force or without proper control. Excessive pressure on the neck and spine can cause serious injury, including damage to the cervical spine. For this reason, the twister is often practiced under the supervision of a qualified instructor and with a focus on safety.

 

In summary, the twister is a submission hold in grappling martial arts that combines elements of a body bend and a neck crank. It is a highly effective technique used to control or submit an opponent and is commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and other grappling martial arts. Proper technique and control are essential when performing the twister to ensure the safety of both the practitioner and the opponent.

 

 

 

 

 

Wristlock: A general term for joint locks on the wrist or radioulnar joint.

A wristlock is a joint lock that targets the wrist or radioulnar joint, which is the joint that connects the two bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) to the bones of the hand. Wristlocks are commonly used in martial arts, wrestling, and self-defense to control or manipulate an opponent by applying pressure to the wrist joint.

 

There are several different types of wristlocks, each targeting a specific part of the wrist or using different techniques to apply pressure. Some common types of wristlocks include:

 

1. Leverage-based wristlocks: These wristlocks use leverage to apply pressure to the wrist joint, typically by manipulating the opponent's arm into a position where the wrist is vulnerable. For example, an attacker may grab the opponent's wrist and twist it in a way that puts pressure on the joint.

 

2. Compression-based wristlocks: These wristlocks use compression to apply pressure to the wrist joint, typically by squeezing or pressing on the wrist with the hands or arms. For example, an attacker may use their hand to press down on the back of the opponent's hand, forcing the wrist joint to bend in an uncomfortable direction.

 

3. Extension-based wristlocks: These wristlocks use extension to apply pressure to the wrist joint, typically by hyperextending the wrist in a way that causes pain or discomfort. For example, an attacker may grab the opponent's hand and bend it back towards the forearm, causing the wrist joint to bend beyond its normal range of motion.

 

Wristlocks can be effective techniques for controlling or subduing an opponent, but they should be applied with caution to avoid causing injury. Proper technique and control are essential when applying wristlocks to ensure the safety of both the practitioner and the opponent.

 

 

 

 

Wristlocks form the trademark offense of Aikido, and are used in combination with Key locks in catch wrestling.

Wristlocks are indeed a trademark offense in Aikido, a Japanese martial art focused on using the opponent's energy to gain control and neutralize attacks. In Aikido, wristlocks are used to control an opponent's movement and are often applied in response to grabs or strikes. Aikido practitioners learn to use wristlocks fluidly, often blending with the opponent's movement to redirect their energy and maintain control.

 

In catch wrestling, a style of wrestling originating in the United States, wristlocks are often used in combination with other joint locks, including key locks (or "kimura" in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu). Catch wrestling emphasizes submission holds and techniques that can quickly end a match, and wristlocks are part of this submission-oriented approach. Catch wrestlers use wristlocks to control and manipulate their opponent's arms, wrists, and shoulders, creating opportunities for pins or submissions.

 

Both Aikido and catch wrestling demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of wristlocks in grappling martial arts. While Aikido focuses more on the defensive and flowing aspects of martial arts, catch wrestling highlights the aggressive and submission-focused nature of wristlocks when used in combination with other joint locks.

 

 

 

 

Small joint manipulation: Joint locks on the fingers or toes.

Small joint manipulation refers to techniques that target the joints of the fingers or toes. This term is commonly used in combat sports and martial arts, particularly in rulesets that restrict or prohibit certain types of joint locks for safety reasons.

 

In sports like mixed martial arts (MMA) or Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, there are rules regarding the use of small joint manipulation to prevent serious injury. For example, in MMA, fighters are typically not allowed to grab or manipulate an opponent's fingers or toes, as these joints are more susceptible to injury compared to larger joints like the elbow or knee.

 

Small joint manipulation can be effective for controlling or immobilizing an opponent, as the fingers and toes are crucial for grip and balance. Techniques that target these joints can be painful and can quickly incapacitate an opponent if applied correctly. However, due to the risk of injury, these techniques are often restricted in regulated combat sports.

 

In self-defense situations or martial arts styles where small joint manipulation is allowed, such as Aikido or some forms of traditional Jiu-Jitsu, these techniques can be used to control or subdue an attacker. Proper training and technique are important when practicing small joint manipulation to ensure that it is applied safely and effectively.

 

 

 

 

Spine crank: Applies pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the body.

The spine crank is a technique used in martial arts and combat sports that involves applying pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the body. This technique can be highly effective in grappling and submission fighting, as it targets a vulnerable area of the body, the spinal column, which is crucial for mobility and nerve function. Understanding the biomechanics and potential consequences of the spine crank is essential for both practitioners and instructors to ensure its safe and effective application.

 

The spine crank can be executed from various positions, such as from the top or bottom in ground fighting, or from a standing position in a clinch. The key principle behind the spine crank is to create torque along the spinal column, either by twisting the upper body relative to the lower body or by bending the spine in a way that exceeds its natural range of motion. This places significant stress on the spinal joints, ligaments, and muscles, which can lead to pain, injury, or even paralysis if applied with excessive force or improper technique.

 

When performing a spine crank, the practitioner typically controls their opponent's body position to isolate the spine and prevent them from escaping the technique. Proper execution requires precise control and awareness of the opponent's body mechanics to apply the right amount of pressure without causing serious harm. It is essential to apply gradual pressure and allow the opponent to tap out, signaling submission, before causing injury.

 

From a physiological perspective, the spine crank primarily targets the spinal joints and intervertebral discs. The twisting or bending motion creates shear forces that can compress or misalign the vertebrae, leading to pain and potential damage to the discs. Additionally, the surrounding muscles and ligaments may be strained or torn if the technique is applied forcefully or abruptly. These injuries can range from minor strains to more severe conditions such as herniated discs or spinal fractures, depending on the intensity and duration of the pressure applied.

 

To minimize the risk of injury when practicing or teaching the spine crank, several safety precautions should be followed. Practitioners should receive proper instruction from qualified instructors and gradually progress from controlled drills to full-speed sparring. It is also crucial to warm up the body and stretch the spine to improve flexibility and reduce the risk of injury. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of their own limitations and communicate with their training partners to ensure the technique is applied safely.

 

In conclusion, the spine crank is a potent technique in martial arts and combat sports that targets the spine's vulnerability to create pain and submission. However, its application requires precision, control, and awareness to avoid causing serious injury. Practitioners and instructors should prioritize safety and proper technique to ensure the spine crank is used responsibly and effectively in training and competition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arm locks

 

Armlock: A general term for joint locks at the elbow or shoulder.

An armlock is a fundamental grappling technique used in martial arts and combat sports to control or submit an opponent by manipulating their arm joints, specifically the elbow or shoulder. It is a versatile and effective technique that can be applied from various positions and angles, making it a valuable skill for practitioners of all levels. Understanding the mechanics and variations of armlocks is essential for mastering this technique and using it safely and effectively in training and competition.

 

The term "armlock" encompasses a wide range of joint locks that target the elbow or shoulder. The primary objective of an armlock is to hyperextend or hyperrotate the joint beyond its normal range of motion, causing pain or discomfort and ultimately forcing the opponent to submit. Armlocks can be applied from a standing position, on the ground, or in transition between positions, making them a versatile tool for controlling an opponent and setting up other techniques.

 

The most common types of armlocks include the straight armbar, bent armbar, kimura, americana, and omoplata. Each of these armlocks targets different angles and directions of joint manipulation, offering practitioners a variety of options depending on the opponent's position and resistance. For example, the straight armbar hyperextends the elbow joint by straightening the arm and applying pressure to the wrist or forearm, while the kimura and americana involve rotating the shoulder joint in a way that causes pain and limits mobility.

 

The mechanics of an armlock depend on the specific type and angle of the lock, but they generally involve isolating the opponent's arm, controlling their body position, and applying leverage to the joint. Proper execution requires precise control and technique to avoid injury to the opponent and ensure maximum effectiveness. Practitioners must also be aware of the potential risks of armlocks, such as hyperextension or dislocation of the joint, and apply them responsibly in training and competition.

 

Training armlocks involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practicing armlocks from various positions and against different body types can help develop adaptability and effectiveness in applying the technique in different scenarios.

 

In conclusion, the armlock is a fundamental technique in martial arts and combat sports that targets the elbow or shoulder joint to control or submit an opponent. It is a versatile and effective technique that can be applied from various positions and angles, making it a valuable skill for practitioners of all levels. Understanding the mechanics and variations of armlocks is essential for mastering this technique and using it safely and effectively in training and competition.

 

 

 

Americana: BJJ term for a lateral keylock.

The Americana, also known as a figure-four armlock or keylock, is a joint lock commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and other grappling martial arts. It is applied to the shoulder joint, specifically targeting the shoulder's internal rotation, and can be a highly effective technique for controlling or submitting an opponent. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the Americana is essential for mastering this technique and incorporating it into a grappling strategy.

 

The Americana is typically executed from a dominant position, such as the mount or side control, where the practitioner has control over the opponent's upper body. To apply the Americana, the practitioner first isolates one of the opponent's arms, usually by controlling the wrist and pinning it to the mat. Next, the practitioner slides their body towards the opponent's head, positioning their forearm across the opponent's upper arm, just above the elbow. The practitioner then reaches under the opponent's arm with their other hand, creating a figure-four grip by clasping their own wrist.

 

With the figure-four grip secured, the practitioner applies pressure by lifting the opponent's elbow off the mat and driving it towards their head, creating a twisting motion at the shoulder joint. This motion places significant torque on the shoulder, causing pain and discomfort and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out.

 

The key to a successful Americana is proper positioning and leverage. The practitioner must ensure that their body weight is centered over the opponent's shoulder and that the lock is applied gradually and controlled to avoid injury. Additionally, the practitioner should be aware of the opponent's reactions and be prepared to transition to another technique if the Americana is not successful.

 

There are several variations of the Americana that can be used depending on the opponent's positioning and resistance. For example, the Americana can be applied from the top position, where the practitioner is on top of the opponent, or from the bottom position, where the practitioner is on their back. The Americana can also be applied as a submission hold or as a control technique to immobilize the opponent and set up other attacks.

 

In conclusion, the Americana is a versatile and effective joint lock in BJJ and grappling martial arts that targets the shoulder joint's internal rotation. It can be applied from various positions and can be used as both a submission hold and a control technique. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the Americana is essential for mastering this technique and incorporating it into a grappling strategy.

 

 

 

 

Arm bar: An arm locks which hyperextend the elbow.

An armbar is a fundamental submission technique used in various martial arts, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). It is a joint lock that hyperextends the elbow joint, causing pain and discomfort and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the armbar is essential for mastering this technique and using it effectively in combat sports.

 

The armbar is typically applied from the guard position or from the top position, where the practitioner has control over the opponent's arm. To execute an armbar, the practitioner first isolates one of the opponent's arms, usually by controlling the wrist and securing it against their body. The practitioner then places one leg over the opponent's chest or shoulder and hooks their other leg under the opponent's head, creating a "figure-four" position with their legs.

 

With the arm isolated and the legs in position, the practitioner then extends their hips upward while pulling down on the opponent's wrist, hyperextending the elbow joint. This creates significant pressure on the elbow, causing pain and discomfort and potentially forcing the opponent to submit. Proper execution of the armbar requires precise control and timing to ensure maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of injury.

 

There are several variations of the armbar that can be used depending on the opponent's positioning and resistance. For example, the armbar can be applied from the mount position, where the practitioner is on top of the opponent, or from the side control position, where the practitioner is beside the opponent. The armbar can also be applied as a counter to an opponent's attack, such as a punch or a takedown, making it a versatile technique for both offensive and defensive purposes.

 

Training arm bars involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of arm bars, such as hyperextension or dislocation of the elbow, and apply them responsibly in training and competition.

 

In conclusion, the armbar is a fundamental submission technique in martial arts that hyperextends the elbow joint. It is a versatile and effective technique that can be applied from various positions and angles, making it a valuable skill for practitioners of all levels. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the armbar is essential for mastering this technique and using it effectively in combat sports.

 

 

 

 

Chicken wing: Term for various hammer/key locks, especially among Shoot wrestling and Jeet Kune Do practitioners.

The term "chicken wing" is used in various martial arts, including Shoot wrestling and Jeet Kune Do, to describe a type of hammerlock or keylock that targets the opponent's shoulder joint. It is a joint lock that involves manipulating the arm in a way that hyperextends or hyperrotates the shoulder, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the chicken wing is essential for practitioners who use this technique in their training and practice.

 

In Shoot wrestling, the chicken wing is often applied from a standing position during a grappling exchange. The practitioner typically controls one of the opponent's arms and uses their own body positioning to apply leverage and pressure to the shoulder joint. By hyperextending or hyperrotating the shoulder, the practitioner can force the opponent to submit or create openings for other attacks.

 

In Jeet Kune Do, the chicken wing is used as a close-quarters technique for controlling or immobilizing an opponent. Practitioners of Jeet Kune Do emphasize adaptability and efficiency in combat, and the chicken wing is a versatile technique that can be used in a variety of situations, both standing and on the ground.

 

Training the chicken wing involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of the chicken wing, such as shoulder dislocation or other joint injuries, and apply the technique responsibly in training and sparring.

 

In conclusion, the chicken wing is a versatile joint lock used in various martial arts, including Shoot wrestling and Jeet Kune Do. It targets the shoulder joint and can be used to control, submit, or immobilize an opponent. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the chicken wing is essential for practitioners who use this technique in their training and practice.

 

 

 

 

Flying arm bar: A type of arm bar that is performed from a stand-up position.

The flying armbar is an advanced and dynamic submission technique used in martial arts, particularly Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and submission grappling. It is a type of armbar that is executed from a standing position, where the practitioner jumps or "flies" onto the opponent to secure the arm lock. The flying armbar is a high-risk, high-reward technique that requires excellent timing, agility, and technique to execute successfully.

 

To perform a flying armbar, the practitioner first establishes control over the opponent's arm, typically by grabbing the wrist or elbow. Next, the practitioner uses their momentum to jump or step onto the opponent's body, wrapping their legs around the opponent's torso to secure a tight grip. Simultaneously, the practitioner falls backward, extending the opponent's arm and hyperextending the elbow to secure the armbar submission.

 

The flying armbar is a flashy and effective technique that can catch opponents off guard. However, it is also a high-risk move that requires a high level of skill and timing to execute properly. If performed incorrectly, the practitioner risks losing control of the opponent or exposing themselves to counterattacks. Therefore, it is essential to practice the flying armbar under the supervision of a qualified instructor and to start slowly to avoid injury.

 

Despite its risks, the flying armbar can be a valuable tool in a martial artist's arsenal, particularly in competition where the element of surprise can be advantageous. It requires a combination of speed, agility, and technique, making it a challenging yet rewarding technique to master. Practitioners who incorporate the flying armbar into their training regimen can improve their overall grappling skills and add an exciting and unpredictable dimension to their game.

 

 

 

 

Hammerlock: Pins the opponent's arm behind the back, with wrist toward their own shoulder.

A hammerlock is a joint lock that pins the opponent's arm behind their back, with the wrist positioned toward their own shoulder. It is a grappling technique used in various martial arts, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and wrestling, to control or submit an opponent. The hammerlock is effective for immobilizing an opponent and creating opportunities for transitions or submissions.

 

To execute a hammerlock, the practitioner first isolates one of the opponent's arms, typically by controlling the wrist or elbow. Next, the practitioner applies pressure to the opponent's shoulder joint, forcing the arm into a bent position behind their back. The wrist is then manipulated towards the opponent's own shoulder, creating a locking mechanism that restricts the opponent's movement and causes discomfort or pain.

 

The hammerlock can be applied from various positions, including standing, kneeling, or on the ground. It is often used as a control technique to immobilize an opponent and create openings for other attacks or submissions. The hammerlock can also be used as a submission hold, where the practitioner applies enough pressure to force the opponent to tap out.

 

Training hammerlocks involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of hammerlocks, such as shoulder injuries, and apply the technique responsibly in training and sparring.

 

In conclusion, the hammerlock is a versatile grappling technique used in various martial arts to control or submit an opponent. It is effective for immobilizing an opponent and creating opportunities for transitions or submissions. Understanding the mechanics and variations of the hammerlock is essential for mastering this technique and using it effectively in training and competition.

 

 

 

 

Juji-Gatame: A type of armbar where the arm is held in between the legs.

Juji-gatame, also known as the cross armlock or the straight armbar, is a fundamental submission technique in Judo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and other grappling martial arts. It is a joint lock that hyperextends the elbow joint, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out. The uniqueness of juji-gatame lies in its application, where the practitioner uses their legs to trap and control the opponent's arm.

 

To execute juji-gatame, the practitioner first isolates one of the opponent's arms, typically by controlling the wrist or elbow. Next, the practitioner maneuvers their body to place the trapped arm between their legs, with the opponent's elbow joint resting on their hips or thighs. The practitioner then secures the arm by clasping their hands together, creating a figure-four grip, and extends their hips upward while pulling down on the opponent's wrist, hyperextending the elbow joint and applying pressure for the submission.

 

Juji-gatame can be applied from various positions, including the guard, mount, or side control. It is a versatile technique that can be used both defensively, to escape a dominant position, and offensively, to submit an opponent. Proper execution of juji-gatame requires precise control, timing, and technique to ensure maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of injury.

 

Training juji-gatame involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of juji-gatame, such as hyperextension or dislocation of the elbow, and apply the technique responsibly in training and competition.

 

In conclusion, juji-gatame is a fundamental submission technique in Judo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and other grappling martial arts. It is a joint lock that hyperextends the elbow joint, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission. The uniqueness of juji-gatame lies in its application, where the practitioner uses their legs to trap and control the opponent's arm, making it a versatile and effective technique in both defensive and offensive grappling scenarios.

 

 

 

 

Key lock: A shoulder lock where the arm is turned like a key.

The key lock, also known as the Americana or figure-four arm lock, is a shoulder lock commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and other grappling martial arts. It is a joint lock that targets the shoulder joint, specifically the internal rotation, and can be highly effective for controlling or submitting an opponent. The key lock gets its name from the twisting motion applied to the opponent's arm, resembling the turning of a key in a lock.

 

To execute a key lock, the practitioner first establishes control over one of the opponent's arms, typically by pinning it to the ground. Next, the practitioner positions their body to apply leverage to the opponent's shoulder joint. The practitioner then creates a figure-four grip with their arms, with one hand gripping the opponent's wrist and the other hand gripping their own wrist or forearm.

 

With the grip secured, the practitioner applies pressure by lifting the opponent's elbow off the ground and twisting their arm towards their own body, creating a twisting motion at the shoulder joint. This motion places significant torque on the shoulder, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out.

 

The key lock can be applied from various positions, including side control, mount, or the top position in guard. It is a versatile technique that can be used both as a submission hold and as a control technique to immobilize an opponent. Proper execution of the key lock requires precise control, timing, and technique to ensure maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of injury.

 

Training the key lock involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of the key lock, such as shoulder injuries, and apply the technique responsibly in training and competition.

 

In conclusion, the key lock is a shoulder lock commonly used in grappling martial arts. It is a joint lock that targets the shoulder joint's internal rotation, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission. The key lock gets its name from the twisting motion applied to the opponent's arm, resembling the turning of a key in a lock. Proper execution of the key lock requires precise control, timing, and technique, making it a valuable technique for controlling or submitting an opponent in grappling scenarios.

 

 

 

 

Kimura: BJJ term for a medial key lock.

The Kimura is a powerful and versatile submission hold used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ), Judo, and other grappling martial arts. It is a type of shoulder lock that targets the shoulder joint's external rotation and can be applied from various positions, making it a valuable technique for both controlling and submitting an opponent. The Kimura is named after Masahiko Kimura, a legendary Japanese Judoka who famously used the technique to defeat Helio Gracie, one of the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, in a grappling match.

 

To execute a Kimura, the practitioner first establishes control over one of the opponent's arms, typically by controlling the wrist or elbow. Next, the practitioner maneuvers their body to isolate the opponent's arm and create leverage on the shoulder joint. The practitioner then grips their own wrist or forearm with the hand that is controlling the opponent's arm, creating a figure-four grip.

 

With the grip secured, the practitioner applies pressure by rotating the opponent's arm away from their body, externally rotating the shoulder joint and creating a twisting motion. This motion places significant torque on the shoulder, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission if the opponent does not tap out.

 

The Kimura can be applied from various positions, including side control, mount, or the guard position. It is a versatile technique that can be used both as a submission hold and as a control technique to immobilize an opponent. Proper execution of the Kimura requires precise control, timing, and technique to ensure maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of injury.

 

Training the Kimura involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of the Kimura, such as shoulder injuries, and apply the technique responsibly in training and competition.

 

In conclusion, the Kimura is a powerful shoulder lock used in BJJ and other grappling martial arts. It targets the shoulder joint's external rotation, causing pain and potentially leading to a submission. Named after Masahiko Kimura, the technique is versatile and effective, making it a valuable tool for controlling and submitting opponents in grappling scenarios.

 

 

 

 

Omoplata: BJJ term for a shoulder lock using the legs.

The omoplata is a highly effective and versatile submission technique used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and other grappling martial arts. It is a shoulder lock that utilizes the legs to create leverage and pressure on the opponent's shoulder joint, potentially leading to a submission. The omoplata is often used as a counter to an opponent's attack or as a follow-up to a failed submission attempt, making it a valuable technique in a grappler's arsenal.

 

To execute an omoplata, the practitioner first establishes control over one of the opponent's arms, typically by controlling the wrist or elbow. Next, the practitioner maneuvers their body to place one leg over the opponent's shoulder and the other leg under their armpit, creating a triangular position with their legs around the opponent's arm. The practitioner then grips the opponent's wrist and applies downward pressure with their legs, creating a twisting motion at the shoulder joint.

 

The omoplata can be applied from various positions, including the guard, side control, or the mount position. It is a versatile technique that can be used both as a submission hold and as a control technique to immobilize an opponent. Proper execution of the omoplata requires precise control, timing, and technique to ensure maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of injury.

 

Training the omoplata involves drilling specific techniques, practicing transitions between positions, and developing sensitivity to the opponent's movements and reactions. It is essential to start slowly and gradually increase speed and intensity as proficiency improves. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of the potential risks of the omoplata, such as shoulder injuries, and apply the technique responsibly in training and competition.

 

In conclusion, the omoplata is a highly effective shoulder lock used in BJJ and other grappling martial arts. It utilizes the legs to create leverage and pressure on the opponent's shoulder joint, potentially leading to a submission. The omoplata is a versatile and valuable technique that can be used both offensively and defensively, making it a key component of a grappler's skill set. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leg lock

 

Leg lock: A general term for joint locks at the hip, knee, or ankle.

Leg locks are a group of grappling techniques that target the joints in the leg, specifically the hip, knee, or ankle. They are used in various martial arts, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Sambo, and submission wrestling, as well as in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. Leg locks are effective because they can quickly immobilize or incapacitate an opponent, either by causing extreme pain or by threatening to damage the joint if the opponent does not submit.

 

There are several types of leg locks, each targeting a specific joint and having its own set of mechanics and variations. Some of the common types include straight ankle locks, heel hooks, knee bars, and toe holds.

 

The straight ankle lock, also known as the Achilles lock, targets the ankle joint. It is applied by securing the opponent's foot under the armpit and applying pressure by extending the hips. This causes the foot to be flexed, putting strain on the Achilles tendon and ankle joint, which can result in a submission.

 

Heel hooks target the knee joint and are considered one of the most dangerous leg locks due to their potential to cause serious injury. They are applied by controlling the opponent's leg and twisting the heel, which puts rotational force on the knee joint and can damage the ligaments and structures inside the knee if not released promptly.

 

Knee bars are another type of leg lock that targets the knee joint. They are applied by controlling the opponent's leg and hyperextending the knee joint, which can cause pain and damage to the ligaments and meniscus if the opponent does not tap out.

 

Toe holds are similar to straight ankle locks but target the toes and the ball of the foot. They are applied by controlling the opponent's foot and applying pressure to the toes, which can cause pain and possibly damage to the ligaments and joints in the foot.

 

Leg locks require careful control and technique to apply safely, as they can cause serious injury if applied with excessive force or without proper control. They also require a good understanding of the mechanics of the joints involved and how to apply pressure effectively to cause the desired effect.

 

In conclusion, leg locks are a group of grappling techniques used to control or submit an opponent by targeting the joints in the leg. They are effective because they can quickly immobilize or incapacitate an opponent, but they also carry a risk of causing serious injury if not applied correctly. Practitioners should approach leg locks with caution and ensure they have the proper training and understanding of the techniques involved.

 

 

 

 

Ankle lock: A leg lock, which hyper extends the ankle.

An ankle lock is a specific type of leg lock that targets the ankle joint, specifically aiming to hyperextend it. This technique is commonly used in various martial arts, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission wrestling, and mixed martial arts (MMA).

 

The mechanics of an ankle lock involve applying pressure to the ankle joint in a way that forces it to bend beyond its normal range of motion. This is typically achieved by trapping the opponent's foot and lower leg and then using leverage to apply pressure to the ankle, causing pain and discomfort. If the opponent does not submit, the continued application of pressure can potentially damage the ligaments and structures in the ankle joint.

 

To execute an ankle lock, the practitioner usually secures the opponent's foot under their armpit or against their body and then uses their hands or arms to grip the foot and apply pressure. The positioning of the practitioner's body and the direction of the pressure will determine the effectiveness of the lock and the amount of pain inflicted on the opponent.

 

Ankle locks can be applied from various positions, including from the top or bottom in grappling situations. They are often used as a submission hold to force the opponent to tap out, signaling their surrender. In MMA, ankle locks are considered a high-percentage submission technique due to their effectiveness and the vulnerability of the ankle joint to hyperextension.

 

It is important to note that ankle locks, like all joint locks, should be applied with care and control to avoid causing serious injury. Practitioners should be mindful of the amount of pressure being applied and should release the lock immediately if their opponent submits or if there is any sign of excessive pain or discomfort.

 

In conclusion, an ankle lock is a leg lock technique that hyperextends the ankle joint, causing pain and discomfort to the opponent. It is commonly used in martial arts as a submission hold and requires proper technique and control to apply safely and effectively.

 

 

 

 

Heel hook: A leg lock, which rotates the ankle.

A heel hook is a highly effective yet potentially dangerous leg lock technique used in various grappling martial arts, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission wrestling, and mixed martial arts (MMA). The primary goal of a heel hook is to apply rotational force to the ankle joint, which can cause extreme pain and potentially lead to ligament damage if the opponent does not submit.

 

The mechanics of a heel hook involve controlling the opponent's leg and foot, typically by trapping the leg between the practitioner's legs or using their arms to secure the foot. Once control is established, the practitioner then applies torque to the ankle by twisting the foot in a way that puts pressure on the ligaments and structures inside the ankle joint.

 

Unlike other leg locks that focus on hyperextension, the heel hook targets the rotational limits of the ankle joint. This makes it particularly dangerous because the ankle is not designed to rotate in the same way that it can flex or extend, making it more susceptible to injury from this type of manipulation.

 

Due to the potential for serious injury, the heel hook is often considered a high-risk submission technique and is sometimes restricted or prohibited in certain grappling competitions, especially at lower belt levels or for younger practitioners. When applied in training or competition, practitioners should exercise caution and control to avoid causing harm to their training partners or opponents.

 

It is important for practitioners to have a solid understanding of the mechanics and risks associated with the heel hook, as well as how to apply it safely and effectively. Proper technique and control are essential to minimize the risk of injury and ensure that the submission is applied in a controlled and respectful manner.

 

In conclusion, the heel hook is a leg lock technique that targets the ankle joint by applying rotational force. It is a highly effective submission hold but carries a high risk of injury if not applied correctly. Practitioners should approach the heel hook with caution and ensure they have the proper training and understanding of the technique before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Knee bar: A leg lock, which hyper extends the knee.

A knee bar is a submission technique used in grappling martial arts, such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission wrestling, and mixed martial arts (MMA), to hyperextend the knee joint of an opponent. The knee bar is applied by controlling the opponent's leg and applying pressure to the knee joint in a way that forces it to bend beyond its normal range of motion, causing pain and potentially leading to injury if the opponent does not submit.

 

The mechanics of a knee bar involve securing the opponent's leg and then using the practitioner's body or arms to apply pressure to the knee joint. This is typically achieved by trapping the opponent's leg between the practitioner's legs and then extending the hips or pulling on the foot to create leverage that hyperextends the knee.

 

The knee bar is considered a high-percentage submission technique because of the vulnerability of the knee joint to hyperextension. However, it is also a potentially dangerous technique that can cause serious injury if applied with excessive force or without proper control. For this reason, practitioners should exercise caution when applying knee bars and should release the submission immediately if their opponent taps out or signals submission.

 

In addition to being used as a submission hold, the knee bar can also be used as a controlling technique to immobilize an opponent or create openings for other attacks. By threatening the knee bar, a practitioner can force their opponent to defend, which can create opportunities to transition to other positions or submissions.

 

When practicing knee bars in training, it is important for practitioners to apply the technique slowly and with control to avoid injuring their training partners. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in a knee bar to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the knee bar is a submission technique used in grappling martial arts to hyperextend the knee joint of an opponent. It is a high-percentage submission hold but should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the mechanics and risks associated with the knee bar before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Toehold: A type of leg lock which hyper extends the ankle.

  A toehold is a submission technique used in grappling martial arts, such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission wrestling, and mixed martial arts (MMA), to hyperextend the ankle joint of an opponent. The toehold is applied by controlling the opponent's foot and then using leverage to apply pressure to the ankle, causing it to bend beyond its normal range of motion and potentially leading to submission or injury if the opponent does not tap out.

 

The mechanics of a toehold involve securing the opponent's foot and then using the practitioner's hands or arms to apply pressure to the toes, creating a twisting motion that hyperextends the ankle. This can be done from a variety of positions, including from the top or bottom in grappling situations.

 

To apply a toehold, the practitioner typically grabs the opponent's foot and then twists it in a way that puts pressure on the ankle joint. The practitioner may also use their body weight or leverage from their own legs to increase the pressure on the ankle, making it more difficult for the opponent to escape.

 

Like other leg locks, the toehold is a high-percentage submission technique because of the vulnerability of the ankle joint to hyperextension. However, it is also a potentially dangerous technique that can cause serious injury if applied with excessive force or without proper control. For this reason, practitioners should exercise caution when applying toeholds and should release the submission immediately if their opponent taps out or signals submission.

 

In addition to being used as a submission hold, the toehold can also be used as a controlling technique to immobilize an opponent or create openings for other attacks. By threatening the toehold, a practitioner can force their opponent to defend, which can create opportunities to transition to other positions or submissions.

 

When practicing toeholds in training, it is important for practitioners to apply the technique slowly and with control to avoid injuring their training partners. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in a toehold to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the toehold is a submission technique used in grappling martial arts to hyperextend the ankle joint of an opponent. It is a high-percentage submission hold but should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the mechanics and risks associated with the toehold before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chokeholds and strangles

 

Anaconda choke: A type of arm triangle chokes.

The Anaconda choke is a type of submission hold commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts (MMA), and other grappling martial arts. It falls under the category of arm triangle chokes, which are techniques used to constrict an opponent's neck and one of their arms using the practitioner's own arms in a triangle-like configuration. The Anaconda choke is highly effective and can quickly force an opponent to submit if applied correctly.

 

To execute the Anaconda choke, the practitioner begins by establishing a strong grip around the opponent's neck and one of their arms. The grip is typically secured by threading one arm under the opponent's neck and wrapping it around the back of their head, while the other arm wraps around the opponent's arm on the same side. The hands are then clasped together, creating a tight grip that constricts the opponent's neck and arm.

 

Once the grip is secured, the practitioner applies pressure by squeezing their arms together and driving their body weight into the opponent. This compresses the opponent's neck and arm, cutting off blood flow and oxygen and causing discomfort and pain. The opponent is forced to either submit or risk losing consciousness if they do not tap out in time.

 

The effectiveness of the Anaconda choke lies in its ability to apply pressure to both the neck and arm simultaneously, making it difficult for the opponent to defend against. Additionally, the choke can be applied from various positions, including from the top or bottom in grappling situations, making it a versatile and effective submission hold.

 

Despite its effectiveness, the Anaconda choke, like all submission holds, should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the Anaconda choke is a highly effective submission hold that falls under the category of arm triangle chokes. It is used to constrict an opponent's neck and arm using the practitioner's own arms in a triangle-like configuration. The choke is effective due to its ability to apply pressure to both the neck and arm simultaneously, making it difficult for the opponent to defend against. Practitioners should use caution when applying the Anaconda choke to avoid injury and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Arm triangle choke: A chokehold similar to the triangle choke except using the arms.

The arm triangle choke, also known as the side choke or kata gatame in judo, is a submission hold commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA). It is similar to the triangle choke, which is applied with the legs, but instead, the arm triangle choke is applied using the arms to create pressure on the opponent's neck and one of their arms.

 

To execute the arm triangle choke, the practitioner begins by securing a dominant position over their opponent, typically from side control. From this position, the practitioner then positions their body so that one of their arms is under the opponent's neck, and the other arm is over the opponent's shoulder, forming a triangle-like shape with their arms and the opponent's neck.

 

The practitioner then tightens the choke by squeezing their arms together and applying pressure to the opponent's neck and shoulder. This constricts the blood flow and oxygen to the opponent's brain, causing discomfort and pain. The opponent is forced to either submit or risk losing consciousness if they do not tap out in time.

 

The effectiveness of the arm triangle choke lies in its ability to apply pressure to the opponent's neck and shoulder simultaneously, making it difficult for them to defend against. Additionally, the choke can be applied from various positions, including from side control, mount, or even from the bottom if the practitioner is able to secure the correct grip.

 

Like all submission holds, the arm triangle choke should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the arm triangle choke is a highly effective submission hold used in grappling martial arts. It is similar to the triangle choke but is applied using the arms to create pressure on the opponent's neck and shoulder. Practitioners should use caution when applying the arm triangle choke and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Cross choke: Athlete crosses own arms in "X" shape and holds onto opponent's gi or clothing.

The cross choke is a fundamental submission hold commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and other grappling martial arts. It is a highly effective technique that targets the opponent's neck and can quickly force them to submit if applied correctly.

 

To execute the cross choke, the practitioner begins by establishing a dominant position over their opponent, typically from the mount or guard position. From this position, the practitioner then grips the opponent's gi or clothing with both hands, crossing their arms in an "X" shape.

 

With the grips secured, the practitioner then pulls their arms apart, using the friction of the gi to apply pressure to the opponent's neck. This constricts the opponent's airway and blood flow, causing discomfort and pain. The opponent is forced to either submit or risk losing consciousness if they do not tap out in time.

 

The effectiveness of the cross choke lies in its simplicity and efficiency. It can be applied from various positions and does not require a significant amount of strength or flexibility to execute. Additionally, the cross choke can be used to set up other attacks or transitions, making it a versatile technique in grappling.

 

Despite its effectiveness, the cross choke, like all submission holds, should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the cross choke is a highly effective submission hold used in grappling martial arts. It involves crossing the arms in an "X" shape and gripping the opponent's gi or clothing to apply pressure to the neck. Practitioners should use caution when applying the cross choke and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Gi Choke: or Okuri eri jime as it is known in Judo is a single lapel strangle.

The gi choke, also known as the Okuri eri jime in Judo, is a type of stranglehold used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and other grappling martial arts. It involves using the opponent's gi (or uniform) to apply pressure to their neck, cutting off blood flow and oxygen and forcing them to submit.

 

To execute the gi choke, the practitioner typically starts from a position where they can access the opponent's lapel, such as from the guard or side control. They then grip the opponent's lapel with one hand, feeding the fabric across the opponent's neck and under their chin.

 

With the lapel securely gripped, the practitioner uses their other hand to grab the opposite side of the lapel, creating a loop of fabric around the opponent's neck. By pulling both ends of the lapel in opposite directions, the practitioner applies pressure to the sides of the opponent's neck, cutting off their air supply and causing discomfort and pain.

 

The gi choke can be applied from various positions and angles, making it a versatile and effective submission hold. It is particularly effective against opponents who are wearing a gi, as the fabric provides a strong and secure grip that is difficult to break.

 

Like all strangleholds, the gi choke should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the gi choke is a stranglehold that uses the opponent's gi to apply pressure to their neck. It is an effective submission hold that can be applied from various positions and angles, making it a valuable technique in grappling martial arts. Practitioners should use caution when applying the gi choke and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Ezequiel: Reverse of the rear naked choke, using the inside of the sleeves for grip.

The Ezequiel choke is a submission hold used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and other grappling martial arts. It is a variation of the rear naked choke, but instead of using the arms to grip the opponent's neck, the practitioner uses the inside of their own sleeves to apply pressure.

 

To execute the Ezequiel choke, the practitioner typically starts from a position where they have control over the opponent's back, such as from the back mount or turtle position. They then feed the sleeves of their gi (or uniform) through their own arms, so that the inside of the sleeves is exposed.

 

With the sleeves in position, the practitioner wraps their arms around the opponent's neck, similar to the rear naked choke, but instead of gripping with their hands, they use the inside of the sleeves to create a tight grip. By squeezing their arms together and applying pressure with the sleeves, the practitioner constricts the opponent's neck and cuts off their blood flow and oxygen, forcing them to submit.

 

The Ezequiel choke is a highly effective submission hold, but it requires a good understanding of the technique and proper positioning to execute correctly. It is particularly effective against opponents who are defending against traditional chokes, as the use of the sleeves can make it more difficult for them to escape.

 

Like all submission holds, the Ezequiel choke should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the Ezequiel choke is a variation of the rear naked choke that uses the inside of the sleeves to apply pressure to the opponent's neck. It is a highly effective submission hold when executed correctly and can be a valuable technique in grappling martial arts. Practitioners should use caution when applying the Ezequiel choke and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Guillotine choke: a facing headlock or choke, usually applied to an opponent from above.

The guillotine choke is a submission hold used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts (MMA), and other grappling martial arts. It is applied by wrapping one arm around the opponent's neck in a headlock position and then using the other arm to apply pressure to the neck, causing discomfort and potentially forcing the opponent to submit.

 

To execute the guillotine choke, the practitioner typically starts from a position where they are facing their opponent, such as from the front headlock position. They then reach one arm over the opponent's shoulder and around their neck, grabbing the back of their own hand or wrist to secure the grip.

 

With the grip secured, the practitioner then uses their other arm to apply pressure to the opponent's neck, either by grabbing their own wrist and pulling up or by using the forearm to press against the opponent's throat. This compresses the opponent's airway and blood flow, causing discomfort and pain and forcing them to either submit or risk losing consciousness if they do not tap out in time.

 

The guillotine choke can be applied from various positions, including standing, kneeling, or on the ground. It is particularly effective against opponents who are shooting for takedowns or attempting to pass the guard, as the choke can be quickly applied as a counterattack.

 

Like all submission holds, the guillotine choke should be applied with caution to avoid injury. Practitioners should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition. It is also important to communicate clearly with training partners and to tap out early if caught in the choke to prevent injury.

 

In conclusion, the guillotine choke is a submission hold used in grappling martial arts that is applied by wrapping one arm around the opponent's neck in a headlock position and using the other arm to apply pressure to the neck. It is a highly effective technique when executed correctly and can be a valuable tool in a practitioner's arsenal. Practitioners should use caution when applying the guillotine choke and should have a solid understanding of the technique and its mechanics before attempting to use it in training or competition.

 

 

 

 

Gear lock: a modified sleeper hold that puts an incredible amount of force on the opponent’s windpipe, choking them out almost instantly if applied properly.

The "Gear Lock" is a modified version of the traditional sleeper hold, a grappling maneuver frequently used in various combat sports and self-defense systems. Unlike the classic sleeper hold, which primarily targets the carotid arteries to induce unconsciousness by restricting blood flow to the brain, the Gear Lock shifts its focus towards a more direct and dangerous approach by applying significant pressure on the opponent’s windpipe.

 

Mechanism of the Gear Lock

 

The traditional sleeper hold involves the attacker positioning themselves behind the opponent. The attacker’s arm encircles the opponent's neck, with the crook of the elbow aligning with the throat. The attacker’s forearm and bicep apply pressure to the sides of the neck, pinching the carotid arteries. However, in the Gear Lock, the attacker modifies this position to instead place immense pressure directly on the windpipe, located at the front of the neck.

 

This modification transforms the hold from a blood choke to an air choke. In an air choke, the primary objective is to compress the windpipe (trachea), which disrupts the flow of air to the lungs. When the trachea is compressed, it prevents oxygen from reaching the lungs and effectively stops the person from breathing. The Gear Lock achieves this by using either the forearm or the bicep to exert pressure directly onto the windpipe, making the choke considerably more dangerous and painful.

 

Application of the Gear Lock

 

The application of the Gear Lock requires precision, strength, and an understanding of human anatomy to be effective and to minimize the risk of severe injury. The person applying the lock must carefully position their arm so that the hardest part of their forearm or the bicep presses against the opponent’s trachea. This position not only disrupts breathing but also causes an immediate and overwhelming sense of panic, which can lead to a rapid submission or unconsciousness.

 

Risks and Controversy

 

The Gear Lock is controversial due to its inherent risks. Chokes that target the windpipe can lead to severe injuries, including crushed or collapsed trachea and permanent damage to the vocal cords. These risks make the Gear Lock a potentially lethal technique and, therefore, it is generally discouraged in most regulated sports and self-defense teachings. It is typically reserved for life-threatening situations where extreme measures are necessary.

 

Ethical and Legal Implications

 

Due to its dangerous nature, the use of the Gear Lock carries significant ethical and legal implications. In sports settings, such techniques are usually banned to preserve the safety and well-being of the participants. In self-defense scenarios, while the primary goal is personal safety, the use of potentially lethal force must be justifiable under the circumstances. Improper use of such techniques can lead to legal repercussions, including charges of excessive force or assault.

 

Conclusion

 

In conclusion, the Gear Lock is a highly specialized and dangerous modification of the sleeper hold that applies intense pressure to the windpipe, capable of inducing unconsciousness rapidly. Due to its potential to cause serious injury, it is crucial that it is applied only by individuals who are thoroughly trained and understand the serious consequences of its use. The ethical and legal considerations surrounding techniques like the Gear Lock underscore the importance of restraint, responsibility, and respect for the well-being of others in any physical confrontation.

 

 

 

 

Gogoplata: Performed by putting ones shin on the windpipe of an opponent and pulling the head down.  Typically set up from the rubber guard.

The Gogoplata is a sophisticated and highly specialized submission technique used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts (MMA), and other grappling arts. It is known for its complexity and effectiveness when executed correctly. The maneuver targets the opponent's neck, specifically applying pressure to the windpipe, and is typically set up from a position known as the rubber guard.

 

Overview of the Rubber Guard

 

The rubber guard is an advanced guard position developed primarily in no-gi jiu-jitsu and MMA to control an opponent while preventing them from posturing up to deliver strikes. It involves the bottom player using their leg to hold the opponent's upper body close by hooking their foot in front of their opponent’s shoulder or neck, effectively trapping them. This position is particularly useful in no-gi grappling because it compensates for the lack of gi grips by using the legs and feet for control.

 

Execution of the Gogoplata

 

The execution of the Gogoplata from the rubber guard begins by first achieving a high level of flexibility and control over one's legs. The practitioner must maneuver their leg in front of the opponent's face while lying on their back, with the opponent in their guard. The key movement involves placing the shin across the windpipe of the opponent. This is done by hooking the foot behind the opponent’s back or neck to secure the position.

 

Once the shin is securely placed across the windpipe, the practitioner then uses their hands to pull the opponent’s head downwards towards the shin, intensifying the choke. The combined pressure of the shin pushing into the windpipe and the pulling of the head creates a choking effect, which can quickly lead to submission due to airway constriction.

 

Technical Challenges

 

The Gogoplata is considered one of the more difficult submissions to execute due to the flexibility required to maneuver one's leg into the correct position and the precision needed to maintain control over an opponent who is likely resisting actively. The effectiveness of the Gogoplata depends significantly on the practitioner’s ability to maintain a secure rubber guard, as losing this position can lead to a loss of the submission attempt and potentially being put in a disadvantageous position.

 

Risks and Considerations

 

The Gogoplata, while a legal technique in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and MMA competitions, carries inherent risks due to the direct pressure applied to the windpipe. Improper application can cause severe tracheal injury or other neck injuries to the opponent. Thus, practitioners must learn and apply this technique under expert supervision, especially during training to ensure safety and correct form.

 

Conclusion

 

In conclusion, the Gogoplata is an advanced and effective submission technique derived from the rubber guard position, targeting the opponent’s windpipe with the shin. Its successful application requires a high degree of flexibility, technical skill, and precise execution, making it a favorite among high-level grapplers. However, due to the potential risks associated with its application, it must be practiced responsibly and with due regard for the safety of training partners.

 

 

 

 

 

Locoplata: A variation of the Gogo-plata that uses the other foot to push the shin into the windpipe and uses the arm to wrap around the back of the head to grab the foot to secure the choke.

The "Locoplata" is an innovative and even more complex variation of the Gogoplata, a submission technique primarily used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and mixed martial arts. This variant amplifies the effectiveness and security of the choke by involving additional limbs, making it harder to escape and increasing the leverage and pressure applied.

 

Execution of the Locoplata

 

Like the traditional Gogoplata, the Locoplata begins from a position that typically utilizes the rubber guard, where the practitioner maintains control over an opponent while in guard. The Locoplata takes this a step further by incorporating several key movements:

 

1. Shin Placement: The practitioner places their shin against the opponent's windpipe, similar to the initial setup of a Gogoplata. This leg must be securely hooked behind the opponent's head to ensure proper placement and pressure on the throat.

 

2. Additional Foot Use: In the Locoplata, the practitioner uses their other foot to push against the back of the shin that is already pressing on the windpipe. This action increases the pressure exerted on the throat, intensifying the choke by leveraging one leg against the other.

 

3. Arm and Hand Positioning: The practitioner wraps one arm around the back of the opponent's head, reaching to grab the foot that is pushing on the shin. This not only secures the position but also pulls the opponent’s head down further into the choke, maximizing the effectiveness of the pressure applied by the shin.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

The Locoplata is a high-level technique that requires significant flexibility, precision, and timing. Its complex setup makes it less common and generally reserved for practitioners who are highly skilled in rubber guard techniques. The inclusion of multiple points of control and pressure makes the Locoplata a formidable choke that can quickly lead to a submission.

 

However, the technique also carries risks similar to those of the Gogoplata, primarily due to the intense pressure applied to the windpipe. There is a heightened risk of causing severe tracheal damage or other neck injuries, which calls for careful and responsible application, especially during training or in non-professional settings.

 

Tactical Use and Effectiveness

 

The Locoplata is particularly effective in situations where an opponent has demonstrated an ability to defend against simpler chokes or when the practitioner wishes to secure a submission from the guard with a high degree of control. The technique's complexity and the surprise factor can be advantageous in competitive settings where opponents may not be familiar with such advanced maneuvers.

 

Conclusion

 

Overall, the Locoplata stands as a testament to the evolution and depth of grappling techniques in martial arts. It showcases how foundational techniques like the Gogoplata can be adapted and enhanced to increase their effectiveness and adaptability in combat scenarios. Practitioners interested in learning the Locoplata should ensure they are proficient with basic submissions and have adequate flexibility and technical guidance to execute this advanced maneuver safely and effectively.

 

 

 

 

North–south choke: A chokehold applied from the north-south position with opponent facing up.  Uses the shoulder and biceps to cut off airflow.

The North-South choke is a highly effective submission technique used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts, and other grappling sports. It is applied from the north-south position, a dominant ground control position where the practitioner is perpendicular to their opponent, with the opponent lying face-up. This choke primarily targets the airway and blood flow, using the practitioner's body weight and positioning to apply pressure.

 

Execution of the North-South Choke

 

Positioning: To set up the North-South choke, the practitioner positions themselves over the opponent such that their torso aligns with the opponent's head, essentially placing them in opposite directions (hence "north-south"). The practitioner's chest should be close to the opponent's head, with the practitioner facing towards the opponent’s feet.

 

Application: The practitioner then lowers their body, placing one arm around the opponent's neck with the bicep pressing against one side of the neck and the forearm against the other. The practitioner's shoulder presses down on the opponent's throat or chest, cutting off the airflow and restricting the carotid arteries. The practitioner's other arm typically wraps around the opponent’s head or is used to control the body, stabilizing the position and preventing the opponent from escaping.

 

Finishing the Choke: To finish the choke, the practitioner tightens their grip and sinks their weight downward, increasing the pressure on the neck and throat. Proper execution involves aligning the shoulder and bicep correctly to compress the carotid arteries and the windpipe simultaneously, leading to a quick tap out from the opponent due to the dual threat of restricted air and blood flow.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Dominance: The North-South position is inherently dominant, providing significant control over the opponent while minimizing the practitioner's exposure to counter-attacks. The choke is particularly effective because it leverages body weight and positional advantage, making it difficult for the opponent to leverage strength as a counter.

 

Risks: Like all chokeholds, the North-South choke must be applied with caution, especially in training environments. Incorrect application can lead to excessive pressure on the neck, potentially causing injuries. Practitioners must ensure they understand the mechanics and apply the technique responsibly.

 

Escapes and Defense: While the North-South choke is powerful, knowledgeable opponents may attempt escapes by shifting their body alignment, trying to slip out of the choke, or attempting to roll the practitioner off balance. Effective application of the choke depends on the practitioner's ability to maintain stability and adjust pressure dynamically as the opponent moves.

 

Conclusion

 

The North-South choke is a testament to the efficacy of positional control and anatomical understanding in submission grappling. It requires precision, timing, and an understanding of human anatomy to be applied effectively, making it a staple technique for advanced practitioners who can exploit its potent combination of air and blood flow restriction. When applied correctly, it is a swift and decisive method to achieve submission, demonstrating the practitioner’s skill in controlling and neutralizing opponents from a dominant position.

 

 

 

 

Rear naked choke: A chokehold from the rear.

The Rear Naked Choke (RNC) is one of the most effective and widely recognized submission techniques in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts, and various forms of self-defense. Applied from behind the opponent, this choke is known for its efficiency in neutralizing an opponent by cutting off blood flow to the brain via the carotid arteries, rather than compressing the windpipe.

 

Execution of the Rear Naked Choke

 

Positioning: To apply a Rear Naked Choke, the practitioner first secures a position behind the opponent. This is typically achieved when the opponent is on their knees or standing, and the practitioner wraps their arms around the opponent's neck from behind.

 

Application: The practitioner places one arm around the neck of the opponent, with the crook of the elbow aligning with the center of the neck. This arm's hand goes behind the opponent's back, ideally grabbing the practitioner’s own bicep of the other arm. The second arm then comes over the opponent’s head and places the hand on the back of the first arm’s elbow. This creates a "figure-four" lock, and the practitioner uses this structure to squeeze and apply pressure.

 

Securing the Choke: With the arms in position, the practitioner tightens the grip by squeezing the elbows together and pulling the opponent's head into the crook of the elbow. This action compresses the carotid arteries, restricting blood flow to the brain. The practitioner also uses their body weight to help apply additional pressure, often by arching their back and pulling the opponent into them, which amplifies the choke’s effectiveness.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Stealth and Surprise: The Rear Naked Choke is particularly valued for its stealthy nature. Since it is applied from behind, the opponent may not see it coming, making it harder to defend against. It's a common finisher in competitive grappling and MMA because it can be secured quickly and requires minimal movement to lock in effectively.

 

Safety: The Rear Naked Choke is generally considered safe in a controlled environment like a dojo or during a regulated match, where opponents can tap out to signify submission. However, if the choke is held too long or applied with excessive force, it can lead to unconsciousness, and in extreme cases, more severe health risks. Practitioners must apply this technique responsibly and be attentive to their partner's or opponent’s reactions.

 

Escape and Defense: Effective defenses against a Rear Naked Choke include preventing the opponent from fully locking their arms by controlling one or both arms before the choke is fully secured. Once the choke is in place, escaping can be extremely difficult. Therefore, defensive maneuvers focus heavily on prevention.

 

Conclusion

 

The Rear Naked Choke is a cornerstone technique in many martial arts due to its simplicity, efficacy, and quick application. Its ability to incapacitate an opponent without relying on brute force makes it a preferred technique both in sport and self-defense scenarios. Mastery of the Rear Naked Choke not only requires understanding its mechanics but also practicing its application with an emphasis on control, timing, and awareness of its potent effects.

 

 

 

 

Triangle choke: A chokehold, which forms a triangle around the opponent's head using the legs.

The Triangle Choke is a highly effective and popular submission technique used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts (MMA), and other grappling sports. This choke utilizes the practitioner's legs to form a triangle around the opponent's neck and one arm, using the practitioner's body to apply pressure to the carotid arteries, thereby restricting blood flow to the brain.

 

Execution of the Triangle Choke

 

Positioning: The Triangle Choke is typically applied from the bottom position, often from the guard. The practitioner begins by controlling an opponent's arm, ensuring that one arm is inside the practitioner’s legs and one arm is outside. This positioning is crucial as it sets the foundation for creating the triangular configuration with the legs.

 

Application: With one arm in and one arm out, the practitioner places their foot on the opponent’s hip on the side of the arm that’s inside the triangle. This allows them to lift their hips and shift their legs over the opponent’s shoulder. The leg that goes over the shoulder is then locked over the ankle of the other leg, which is positioned across the neck.

 

Securing the Choke: Once the legs are locked in a triangle formation, the practitioner adjusts the position by pulling down on their shin to tighten the lock and ensure that the knee points towards the opposite direction of the locked foot. The practitioner then applies pressure by pulling the opponent's head down while squeezing their legs together. This compresses the carotid arteries with the thigh and calf, effectively choking the opponent.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Flexibility and Precision: Successfully applying a Triangle Choke requires flexibility, especially in the hips and legs, to manipulate and secure the legs around the opponent’s neck and shoulder. Precision is also critical in ensuring the correct limb and neck placement to effectively restrict blood flow without causing undue harm.

 

Adaptability: The Triangle Choke is adaptable to a variety of situations in grappling. It can be executed from positions other than the guard, such as from the mount or during a scramble. Skilled practitioners can transition into a Triangle Choke from failed armbar attempts, making it a versatile tool in their submission arsenal.

 

Safety and Defense: Like all choke techniques, the Triangle Choke must be applied with caution. The risk to the opponent includes unconsciousness and, in extreme cases, more severe health issues if the choke is held too long or applied too forcefully. Defensively, opponents can prevent the choke by keeping both arms in or both arms out, posture up to create space and relieve pressure, or by trying to slide the trapped arm across to the other side of the practitioner's body.

 

Conclusion

 

The Triangle Choke is a testament to the effectiveness of leverage and technique over brute strength in grappling arts. It is a powerful tool for submission that rewards technical skill and strategic application. Mastery of the Triangle Choke not only enhances a practitioner's offensive capabilities but also deepens their understanding of mechanics and control in grappling combat sports. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clinch holds

 

Bear hug: A clinching holds encircling the opponent's torso with both arms, pulling toward oneself.

The Bear Hug is a grappling technique used in various combat sports and self-defense situations, characterized by its use of a strong, enclosing grip around an opponent's body. This hold is not only effective for controlling an opponent but also serves as a setup for throws, takedowns, or further control techniques.

 

Execution of the Bear Hug

 

Positioning: To initiate a Bear Hug, the practitioner approaches the opponent, typically from the front, although it can also be applied from the side or behind. The arms are wrapped around the opponent's torso, either above or below their arms, depending on the desired outcome and the relative sizes of the individuals involved.

 

Application: Once the arms are wrapped around the opponent, the practitioner pulls the opponent close to their body, clamping down with their arms and squeezing tightly. The grip can be underhooking (arms under the opponent’s arms) or overhooking (arms over the opponent’s arms). Underhooking is often more secure and allows for greater control over the opponent's upper body, while overhooking can be useful for lifting or off-balancing the opponent.

 

Finishing the Technique: The practitioner uses their body weight and strength to compress the opponent's ribcage, restricting their ability to breathe and move. The Bear Hug can lead to a variety of outcomes, such as setting up a throw by stepping to one side and twisting the body, or by lowering the center of gravity and lifting the opponent for a takedown.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Strength and Control: The effectiveness of the Bear Hug is largely dependent on the practitioner's strength and ability to maintain a tight grip. The control exerted allows the practitioner to limit the opponent's movements and potentially wear them down physically.

 

Safety and Defense: While the Bear Hug is generally considered safe, excessive force, especially when squeezing or lifting, can cause injury to the opponent's ribs or back. Defensively, opponents can counter a Bear Hug by trying to maintain space between their body and the practitioner, using their arms to create frames, or moving their hips to avoid being off-balanced.

 

Adaptability: The Bear Hug is adaptable and can be used in various situations, such as in self-defense to control an aggressive individual without striking them, or in sport grappling to maneuver into a more dominant position or execute a takedown.

 

Conclusion

 

The Bear Hug is a fundamental grappling technique valued for its simplicity and effectiveness in controlling an opponent. Its versatility makes it a valuable addition to the skill set of any grappler or martial artist, providing a robust option for close-range control and the ability to transition into other techniques. Proper training and understanding of the mechanics and potential applications of the Bear Hug can enhance a practitioner’s overall grappling effectiveness and tactical options.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Collar tie: facing the opponent with one or both hands on the back of their head/neck.

The Collar Tie is a fundamental clinching technique widely used in wrestling, mixed martial arts (MMA), and other grappling sports. It involves gripping the opponent's neck or head with one or both hands, allowing the practitioner to manipulate the opponent's posture and movement. This technique is critical for controlling the upper body of the opponent and setting up various offensive and defensive maneuvers.

 

Execution of the Collar Tie

 

Positioning: To establish a Collar Tie, the practitioner faces the opponent and reaches out to grasp the back of the opponent's neck or collar area with one or both hands. The fingers are usually interlocked or splayed out at the base of the opponent's skull or higher on the neck, providing a firm grip and control.

 

Application: With a strong grip secured, the practitioner uses their arm or arms to control the opponent’s head and neck. This control is crucial as it can dictate the opponent's posture, making it easier to off-balance them, manipulate their movement, or set up strikes, throws, or takedowns.

 

Finishing Techniques: The Collar Tie is often used in combination with other techniques. For instance, in wrestling, it can be used to pull the opponent's head down and forward, setting up knee strikes in Muay Thai or MMA, or snap-downs leading to front headlock positions in wrestling. It can also be paired with an arm control on the opposite side (such as an underhook or wrist control) to create angles and open up opportunities for more complex maneuvers.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Leverage: The effectiveness of the Collar Tie comes from the leverage and control it provides over the opponent's upper body. By controlling the head and neck, a practitioner can significantly influence the opponent's balance and alignment, which are critical in both offensive and defensive scenarios.

 

Resistance and Counter Techniques: Opponents familiar with grappling might counter a Collar Tie by pummeling their arms inside the practitioner’s grip to regain control or by applying a similar Collar Tie to create a neutral position. Effective use of the Collar Tie involves not only maintaining a strong grip but also being dynamic in response to the opponent's movements and counters.

 

Safety Considerations: While the Collar Tie is a relatively safe technique, excessive force, especially when pulling or twisting the neck, can lead to strains or more serious injuries. Practitioners must be mindful of the pressure applied, particularly in training or non-competitive environments.

 

Conclusion

 

The Collar Tie is a versatile and powerful clinching technique that serves as a cornerstone in the arsenal of wrestlers, MMA fighters, and other combat sports athletes. It allows for significant control over an opponent, facilitating a range of offensive and defensive strategies. Mastery of the Collar Tie enhances a practitioner's ability to dictate the flow of the match, control engagements, and set up various attacks, making it an essential technique for competitive grappling and combat sports.

 

 

 

 

Muay Thai clinch: Holding the opponent with both arms around the neck while standing.

The Muay Thai clinch, also known as the "plum," is a core component of Muay Thai boxing and is widely utilized in mixed martial arts (MMA) due to its effectiveness in close-range combat. This technique involves holding the opponent with both arms around the neck or head to control their movement and posture, allowing the practitioner to deliver strikes, primarily knees and elbows, or manipulate the opponent into a vulnerable position for throws.

 

Execution of the Muay Thai Clinch

 

Positioning: To establish a Muay Thai clinch, the practitioner closes the distance to the opponent and wraps both arms around the opponent's neck or head. The hands are often clasped at the back of the opponent’s head, not the neck, to maximize control over their posture.

 

Application: With the hands clasped, the practitioner pulls the opponent's head downward and inward, towards their chest. This action disrupts the opponent's balance and posture, making it difficult for them to strike back effectively. The practitioner uses their forearms to apply pressure on the collarbones or shoulders to further control the opponent's movement.

 

Striking from the Clinch: The primary offensive strategy from the Muay Thai clinch involves delivering powerful knee strikes to the body or head of the opponent. The practitioner can also use short, sharp elbow strikes. The control over the opponent’s head and body in the clinch makes it easier to direct these strikes with significant force and precision.

 

Transitions and Throws: Besides striking, the Muay Thai clinch can be used to set up throws and sweeps. By manipulating the opponent’s head and upper body, the practitioner can off-balance the opponent and execute various takedowns, such as hip throws or trips, particularly when the opponent tries to resist or pull away from the clinch.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Maintaining Control: Effective use of the Muay Thai clinch requires continuous adjustment to maintain control over the opponent. The practitioner must stay close to prevent the opponent from generating power for strikes and must constantly adjust their grip and stance to counter the opponent's attempts to break free.

 

Defensive Tactics: Opponents may counter the Muay Thai clinch by trying to pummel their hands inside the practitioner's arms to gain control or by applying backward pressure to escape the grip. Practitioners need to be prepared to tighten their clinch or transition to other techniques if their initial control is challenged.

 

Safety and Effectiveness: While the Muay Thai clinch is a powerful tool in competitive settings, it carries inherent risks of injury, particularly from strikes delivered at close range. Both practitioners must be aware of the potential for injury and employ the technique with control and respect for their opponent's safety, especially during training.

 

Conclusion

 

The Muay Thai clinch is an essential technique in stand-up fighting, valued for its ability to control an opponent effectively and facilitate powerful close-range strikes. Mastery of this clinch not only enhances a fighter's offensive capabilities in the ring but also deepens their understanding of balance, control, and striking dynamics in combat sports.

 

 

 

 

Overhook: Holding over the opponents arm while standing.

An overhook, also known as a whizzer in wrestling, is a grappling technique used in various martial arts, including wrestling, judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA). This hold involves wrapping the arm over the opponent’s arm and securing it tightly, creating control and leverage that can be used to manipulate the opponent’s movement and position.

 

Execution of the Overhook

 

Positioning: To establish an overhook, the practitioner wraps their arm over the opponent’s arm near the shoulder. The arm goes over the top of the opponent’s arm and then hooks downwards, gripping tightly. The hand can either clasp the opponent's wrist, their own wrist, or their clothing (such as in judo), depending on the rules of the sport and the situation.

 

Application: Once the overhook is secured, it can be used to control the opponent’s posture by pulling their arm upwards and inwards towards the practitioner’s center. This not only limits the opponent's ability to strike or apply their own techniques but also off-balances them, making them vulnerable to further attacks or defensive maneuvers.

 

Transitions and Techniques: The overhook is versatile and can lead to several different techniques. In wrestling, it is often used to set up throws or takedowns by disrupting the opponent’s balance. In judo, the overhook can be used to execute various hip and leg throws. In MMA, it serves both defensively, to prevent strikes, and offensively, to set up strikes, throws, or submissions.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Leverage: The effectiveness of an overhook depends largely on the practitioner's ability to maintain a tight grip and use their body weight to manipulate the opponent. Proper leverage is key; the practitioner often needs to stay close and use their hips and legs to generate the force necessary for throws or takedowns.

 

Defensive Tactics: While the overhook is a powerful control technique, it does have vulnerabilities. An opponent with a strong underhook on the same side can counter the overhook effectively, as they can control the practitioner’s body and potentially execute their own throws or takedowns.

 

Safety Considerations: Like all grappling techniques, the overhook must be applied with a sense of control and an understanding of safety. Excessive force, particularly in twisting or jerking motions, can cause joint or ligament injuries to the opponent's shoulder or elbow.

 

Conclusion

 

The overhook is a fundamental technique in the grappling arts that provides a strategic advantage by allowing a practitioner to control an opponent's arm and body, leading to various offensive and defensive opportunities. Mastery of the overhook requires understanding its mechanics and effectively integrating it with other techniques to maximize control and effectiveness in combat sports scenarios.

 

 

 

 

Pinch grip tie: Term for a particular harness hold, common in Greco-Roman wrestling circles.

The "Pinch Grip Tie" in Greco-Roman wrestling refers to a specific type of grip that is used to control an opponent's arms by clamping down on their triceps near the elbow. This technique is primarily utilized in Greco-Roman wrestling, a style that prohibits holds below the waist, making upper body control crucial for executing throws and maintaining positional advantage.

 

Execution of the Pinch Grip Tie

 

Positioning: To establish a pinch grip tie, the wrestler approaches the opponent and reaches for the tricep area of the opponent's arm, typically near the elbow. The hand clasps the muscle or the arm tightly, effectively "pinching" the area between the thumb and the fingers.

 

Application: The primary purpose of the pinch grip tie is to restrict the opponent’s arm movement and control their posture. By gripping the triceps, a wrestler can limit the opponent’s ability to use their arms effectively for defense or offense. This grip also allows for manipulating the opponent's positioning, which is crucial for setting up throws and transitions.

 

Control and Movement: Once the pinch grip tie is secured, the wrestler uses it to pull or push the opponent, disrupting their balance and alignment. This grip can be combined with body movement, such as stepping to the side or rotating the body, to create openings for throws and takedowns. The pinch grip tie is often used in conjunction with other upper body ties, like the collar tie or underhook, to enhance control and effectiveness.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Dominance and Control: The pinch grip tie is highly valued in Greco-Roman wrestling for its ability to provide significant control over the opponent’s upper body. It is particularly effective in neutral positions where gaining an upper hand in control can lead to scoring opportunities through throws or takedowns.

 

Countering and Defense: Opponents may counter the pinch grip tie by trying to clear their arm from the grip, using hand fighting techniques or by improving their own positioning to neutralize the control. Awareness and quick reaction are required to maintain the effectiveness of the pinch grip tie.

 

Safety and Fair Play: While the pinch grip tie is a legitimate and safe technique, wrestlers must ensure that the grip does not turn into an illegal hold, such as grabbing the clothing in styles where this is prohibited, or using excessive force that could cause injury to the opponent’s arm or elbow.

 

Conclusion

 

The pinch grip tie is a tactical and effective grip used in Greco-Roman wrestling to gain and maintain control over an opponent's upper body. Its effectiveness lies in its ability to limit the opponent's arm movement and set up various offensive maneuvers. Mastery of this technique enhances a wrestler's ability to dominate in the upper body clinch game, which is central to success in Greco-Roman wrestling.

 

 

 

 

Under hook: Holding under the opponent's arm while standing.

An underhook is a fundamental grappling technique used across various combat sports, including wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA). It involves inserting one or both arms beneath the opponent's arm(s) and securing control around the back or side of the opponent. This position allows for significant control over the opponent's movements and body, providing leverage that can be utilized for offensive and defensive maneuvers.

 

Execution of the Underhook

 

Positioning: To establish an underhook, the practitioner slides their arm under the opponent’s arm (the armpit area) and then up and across the opponent’s back. The hand typically aims to reach as high as possible towards the middle of the opponent's back or even towards the opposite shoulder to maximize control.

 

Application: Once the underhook is secured, it provides the practitioner with several strategic advantages. The practitioner can pull the opponent close to restrict their movement and off-balance them. This position also opens up various opportunities to execute throws, takedowns, and transitions to more dominant positions.

 

Leverage and Movement: With an underhook, the practitioner can lift or rotate the opponent, making it easier to manipulate their body for throws or to bring them to the ground. The underhook is particularly effective because it allows the practitioner to control the opponent’s upper body while keeping their own body relatively safe from counters.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Dominance: The underhook is highly valued for the level of control it offers. A deep underhook can significantly disrupt the opponent's posture and balance, making it easier to dictate the pace and direction of the match.

 

Defensive Tactics: To counter an underhook, opponents often try to pummel their own arm inside to regain control or apply an overhook to mitigate the leverage the underhook provides. Effective use of underhooks often involves maintaining a strong body position, with the practitioner’s hips close to the opponent’s body, reducing the space available for the opponent to maneuver.

 

Safety Considerations: As with many grappling techniques, maintaining awareness of both practitioners' safety is crucial. Forceful or abrupt movements with an underhook can lead to shoulder or back injuries, particularly if either practitioner is not properly warmed up or if excessive force is used.

 

Conclusion

 

The underhook is a cornerstone technique in the arsenal of a grappler, offering substantial control over an opponent and facilitating a variety of offensive strategies. Mastery of underhooks enhances a practitioner's grappling effectiveness by enabling them to control the upper body of their opponent, essential for executing takedowns and controlling the clinch. Understanding and utilizing underhooks effectively is a fundamental skill that impacts performance across all levels of grappling and combat sports.

 

 

 

 

Tie: A transitional hold used to stabilize the opponent in preparation for striking or throwing.

In grappling and combat sports, a "tie" refers to various clinching techniques used to control an opponent by engaging them closely, often by grabbing hold of their body or clothing. A tie serves as a transitional hold, providing stability and positional advantage while setting up strikes, throws, or further grappling maneuvers. It is commonly used in wrestling, judo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and mixed martial arts (MMA).

 

Execution of a Tie

 

Positioning: The practitioner initiates a tie by closing the distance between themselves and the opponent. This can involve using hand fighting to control the opponent's arms or directly engaging by grasping parts of the opponent's upper body such as the head, neck, shoulders, or arms.

 

Application: There are several types of ties, including but not limited to the collar tie, underhook, overhook, and body lock. Each type of tie provides different control points and serves various strategic purposes:

- Collar Tie: Involves grabbing the back of the opponent's neck with one hand, often used in conjunction with an underhook or wrist control on the other side.

- Underhook: Involves sliding an arm under the opponent’s arm and securing it around their back, allowing for control of their upper body.

- Overhook: Occurs when the arm goes over the opponent's arm and hooks around it, useful for controlling an opponent’s arm and setting up throws.

- Body Lock: Involves wrapping the arms around the opponent’s torso, often from the back or side, to control their body completely.

 

Transitional Movements: The primary purpose of a tie is to stabilize the opponent and restrict their movement, creating opportunities for the practitioner to execute more complex techniques like takedowns, throws, or strikes. Effective use of a tie involves not only maintaining control but also being able to transition smoothly between different types of ties and maneuvers based on the opponent's reactions and resistance.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Leverage: Ties are fundamental for establishing control in a match, allowing a practitioner to manipulate an opponent's posture and positioning. The choice of tie and how it is applied can significantly influence the bout's outcome by either gaining an advantage or neutralizing the opponent’s strengths.

 

Defensive Tactics: An opponent may counter ties by pummeling (rotating arms inside the opponent’s to gain control), adjusting their stance, or using body movement to escape or reverse the tie. Effective practitioners must be adept at adjusting their grips and transitioning between different ties as the situation demands.

 

Safety and Fair Play: In practice and competition, safety is paramount. Excessive force in applying ties, especially around sensitive areas like the neck or joints, can lead to injuries. Practitioners must be trained to apply and resist ties safely.

 

Conclusion

 

In sum, ties are crucial techniques in the grappling toolkit, serving as both foundational holds for controlling opponents and as setups for more definitive offensive actions. Mastery of various ties and their strategic applications enhances a combatant’s ability to dominate in close quarters, making them indispensable in the repertoire of any serious grappler or combat sports athlete. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Compression locks

 

Achilles lock: A compression lock on the Achilles tendon.

The Achilles lock, also known as the Achilles hold or ankle lock, is a submission technique commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission grappling, and mixed martial arts. This technique targets the Achilles tendon at the back of the ankle, applying pressure that can lead to intense pain or injury if the opponent does not tap out (submit). The effectiveness of this hold lies in its ability to control the opponent's leg while directly impacting a sensitive and crucial tendon, compelling a quick submission due to the risk of severe tendon damage.

 

Execution of the Achilles Lock

 

Positioning: The technique begins with the practitioner controlling the opponent's leg. This can be achieved from various positions but is commonly initiated when both competitors are on the ground, with the practitioner sitting beside or slightly behind the opponent's leg. The opponent's foot should be flexed to expose the Achilles tendon more prominently.

 

Application: The practitioner wraps their arms around the opponent's foot, just above where the foot meets the ankle. The wrist of one arm is positioned directly against the Achilles tendon, serving as the primary point of pressure. The other hand often clasps the wrist or forearm to reinforce the hold, ensuring that pressure can be precisely applied.

 

Securing the Lock: With a firm grip established, the practitioner then applies pressure by squeezing their forearms together and pulling the foot towards their body. Simultaneously, they may arch their back or twist their torso to increase the pressure on the tendon. The goal is to create enough discomfort in the Achilles tendon to force the opponent to submit.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Effectiveness: The Achilles lock is particularly effective because it isolates a vulnerable part of the body that cannot easily be strengthened against such attacks. Its application can be swift and, if executed properly, leaves the opponent with few options to escape without risking serious injury.

 

Safety and Ethics: Given the potential for causing severe and possibly permanent damage to the Achilles tendon, practitioners must apply this technique with caution, especially during training. It is a powerful move that should be used responsibly, and practitioners should always be ready to release the hold immediately if the opponent taps out.

 

Defenses and Counters: Defending against an Achilles lock involves recognizing the setup early and acting quickly to prevent the opponent from securing their grip. This might include turning the foot to relieve pressure, using the free leg to disrupt the practitioner's balance, or attempting to roll out of the hold. More advanced practitioners might counter with a lock of their own or transition to a more dominant position.

 

Legal and Competitive Implications

 

In some grappling sports, particularly those with an emphasis on safety and longevity of the athletes, certain types of leg locks including the Achilles lock may be restricted or banned, particularly at lower levels of competition. The rationale is to prevent injuries that could sideline competitors or lead to long-term health issues.

 

 Conclusion

 

The Achilles lock is a testament to the effectiveness of leverage and anatomical knowledge in submission grappling. It capitalizes on the vulnerability of the Achilles tendon, which, despite its strength, is a critical weak point when exposed to targeted pressure. Mastery of this technique provides a competitive edge in submission grappling, illustrating the deep strategic complexity and physical intricacy of these martial arts. As with all powerful techniques, its use must be tempered with an understanding of its potential consequences and an adherence to the principles of sportsmanship and respect for the opponent's well-being.

 

 

 

 

Biceps slicer: A compression lock on the elbow joint and biceps.

The biceps slicer, also known as a bicep crusher or bicep lock, is a sophisticated compression lock used primarily in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission grappling, and mixed martial arts. This technique targets the biceps muscle and the elbow joint by creating intense pressure, potentially leading to severe pain, muscle cramps, or even tissue damage if applied with excessive force. Due to its potency and risk of injury, the biceps slicer is often classified as an advanced technique and is typically banned in lower belt or beginner competitions.

 

 Execution of the Biceps Slicer

 

Positioning: The biceps slicer can be applied from various positions but is commonly set up when the practitioner is in control of the opponent's arm, such as from guard, top mount, or during an armbar transition. The opponent's arm must be bent at the elbow.

 

Application: The practitioner inserts their own arm or leg across the bend in the opponent's elbow. This limb acts as a fulcrum. Then, the practitioner secures the opponent's wrist towards their own body or towards the fulcrum point, folding the opponent's forearm back against their bicep. This creates a 'sandwich' effect where the opponent’s biceps muscle is compressed against the forearm bone.

 

Securing the Lock: To intensify the pressure, the practitioner will usually grab their own shin or wrist to lock the position in place and then pull the opponent's wrist while pushing against the elbow, squeezing the bicep muscle against the forearm bone. This leverage not only compresses the muscle but also places significant stress on the elbow joint.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Effectiveness: The effectiveness of the biceps slicer lies in its ability to cause intense pain quickly, which can force an opponent to submit to avoid serious injury. The technique is particularly useful as a submission in itself or as a means to transition to other techniques when the opponent reacts to the pain by moving or releasing their defensive posture.

 

Safety and Ethics: Due to the high risk of causing muscle tears, tendon strains, or even fractures, the biceps slicer must be applied with extreme caution. It is considered a "dangerous technique" under many grappling rulesets. Practitioners must always be prepared to release the hold immediately if the opponent taps out, and they should practice this technique under the guidance of a skilled instructor to learn the proper application and safety precautions.

 

Defenses and Counters: Effective defense against a biceps slicer involves preventing the opponent from establishing control over the arm and keeping the arm straight to avoid the creation of the fulcrum point. Once the setup is in place, escaping can be difficult; therefore, recognizing and reacting to the setup early is crucial.

 

Legal and Competitive Implications

 

In many competitive settings, particularly those involving practitioners below black belt level, the biceps slicer is often prohibited because of its potential to cause serious injury. Competitors must understand the legal applications of this technique within their specific competition rulesets to avoid disqualification.

 

Conclusion

 

The biceps slicer is a powerful and effective compression lock that targets the biceps and the elbow joint. It exemplifies the strategic complexity and technical depth of submission grappling arts. While highly effective, the technique's potential for causing significant injury demands a responsible approach to its practice and application. Mastery of the biceps slicer not only enhances a practitioner's competitive arsenal but also underscores the importance of ethical practice and the prioritization of safety in martial arts training.

 

 

 

 

Leg slicer: A compression lock on the calf and thigh.

The leg slicer, also known as a calf slicer or calf crush, is a compression lock that targets the muscles of the calf by using the opponent's own leg as a lever. This submission technique is commonly used in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, submission grappling, and mixed martial arts. It creates a high degree of pressure on the calf muscles and can also put significant stress on the knee joint, making it a potent and sometimes dangerous hold.

 

Execution of the Leg Slicer

 

Positioning: The leg slicer can be set up from various positions but typically occurs when the practitioner has control over the opponent's leg, such as during scrambles or from positions where the practitioner is behind the opponent, like in back control or truck position.

 

Application: To apply a leg slicer, the practitioner first needs to create a fulcrum around which the opponent's leg will be bent. This is usually done by inserting one of the practitioner's legs across the back of the opponent's knee, forming a bend. The opponent's leg is then bent over the practitioner's shin, which acts as the fulcrum.

 

Securing the Lock: With the opponent's leg bent over the shin, the practitioner grabs the opponent's foot and pulls it towards their own body, increasing the bend in the leg and compressing the calf against the practitioner's shin. The other hand often assists by pushing against the opponent's thigh or securing the leg in place, intensifying the pressure on the calf and potentially affecting the knee joint.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Effectiveness: The leg slicer is effective due to the intense pain it can cause in the calf and the potential for knee damage, which often forces a quick tap out. It is also valuable for controlling the opponent’s movement and can serve as a setup for other submissions if the opponent attempts to escape the pressure.

 

Safety and Ethics: Because the leg slicer can cause serious injuries, especially to the knee, it is considered a dangerous technique and is often restricted in competition, particularly at lower levels. Practitioners must apply this lock with caution and be ready to release immediately if the opponent taps out. Training under the guidance of a skilled instructor is essential to understand proper application and risk management.

 

Defenses and Counters: Defending against a leg slicer involves recognizing the setup early and preventing the practitioner from bending the leg over the shin. Keeping the legs straight and avoiding entanglements where the opponent can insert their shin behind the knee is crucial. Once the position is secured, escaping can be very difficult, and immediate submission is often the safest response to avoid injury.

 

Legal and Competitive Implications

 

In competition, the legality of the leg slicer varies by organization and belt level. Due to the risk of severe injuries, many tournaments ban this technique for lower belts. Competitors must be aware of the specific rules governing their matches to avoid disqualification for illegal techniques.

 

Conclusion

 

The leg slicer is a sophisticated and effective compression lock that exploits the mechanics of the lower limb to create a painful and controlling submission. Its use in grappling sports highlights the technical complexity and physical awareness required in submission wrestling. While it offers a competitive edge, the associated risks necessitate a responsible approach to its application, emphasizing safety, sportsmanship, and respect for the physical integrity of all competitors.

 

 

 

 

Figure 4: (also referred to as arm triangle, leg triangle) Term for arranging one's own arm or legs to resemble shape of numeral "4" when holding opponent.

 The term "Figure 4" is commonly used in martial arts and grappling sports to describe a specific configuration where a practitioner arranges their limbs around an opponent's limb or neck to create a shape resembling the numeral "4." This configuration is highly effective for applying leverage and pressure, making it a staple in various submission techniques, including arm triangles, leg triangles, and various locks.

 

Types of Figure 4 Configurations

 

Figure 4 Arm Lock: This involves the practitioner wrapping one arm around the opponent’s arm and then locking it with their other arm to form a "4" shape, often targeting the elbow joint for an armbar or a shoulder lock.

 

Figure 4 Leg Lock: Similarly, in leg submissions, the practitioner may wrap their legs around the opponent’s leg, intertwining their own leg to secure the hold and form the numeral "4." This can be used in techniques like the leg slicer or kneebar.

 

Figure 4 Arm Triangle: Also known as a head-and-arm choke, the practitioner encircles the opponent’s neck and one arm with their own arm, using the other arm to complete the lock behind the opponent’s head. This creates a triangle shape with the arms, squeezing the carotid arteries.

 

Figure 4 Leg Triangle (Triangle Choke): In this common jiu-jitsu and MMA submission, the practitioner wraps their legs around the opponent’s neck and one arm, locking one leg behind the knee of the other leg to form a "4." This compresses the carotid arteries with the legs to restrict blood flow to the brain.

 

Execution and Mechanics

 

Securing the Lock: To effectively apply a Figure 4 configuration, whether using arms or legs, the practitioner must ensure that the limbs are tightly intertwined and that the "lock" or "choke" point is secure. This often involves pulling the free limb through and tightening it by shifting the body or adjusting the angle of pressure.

 

Application of Pressure: Once the Figure 4 is secured, the practitioner applies pressure by squeezing or pressing down with their limbs, depending on the technique. In chokes, this involves tightening the hold to compress the carotid arteries, while in joint locks, the pressure is directed at a specific joint, like the elbow or knee.

 

Strategic Considerations and Risks

 

Control and Dominance: The Figure 4 is highly effective due to the control it offers over an opponent’s body part, making it difficult for them to escape without submitting or risking injury.

 

Safety and Ethics: Given the potential for causing serious injury, particularly with joint locks and chokes, it is crucial that practitioners apply Figure 4 techniques with care and responsibility. In training and competition, these techniques should be executed with an understanding of their power and the readiness to release the hold immediately if the opponent taps out.

 

Defense and Counter: Effective defense against a Figure 4 involves recognizing the setup early and taking steps to prevent the practitioner from fully securing the configuration. Once locked in, escaping requires disrupting the balance of the practitioner, creating space to relieve pressure, or maneuvering the body in a way to weaken the hold.

 

Conclusion

 

The Figure 4 is a fundamental and highly versatile concept in grappling and martial arts, applicable in various techniques across different martial disciplines. Its effectiveness lies in its ability to leverage the body's natural strength and structure to exert maximal control and pressure, making it a favored choice for practitioners aiming to secure submissions efficiently. Mastery of the Figure 4 configurations enhances a grappler's ability to finish fights and control opponents, reflecting a deep understanding of leverage, anatomy, and technique.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pain compliance

 

Chin lock: An arm hold on the chin that hurts the chin.

  The "chin lock" is a grappling technique often employed in various martial arts and combat sports, including wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and mixed martial arts (MMA). This maneuver involves the strategic use of an arm to control an opponent by applying pressure to their chin. The purpose of this hold is not solely to cause pain but also to gain leverage and control over an opponent's head and, by extension, their body.

 

Technique and Application

 

The chin lock is executed by positioning one arm so that the crook of the elbow aligns with the opponent's chin. The hand of the applied arm typically reaches across to grasp the practitioner’s own arm or the opponent's clothing to secure the hold. This configuration allows the practitioner to apply pressure upward or backward on the chin, effectively controlling the opponent’s head. Control over the head is crucial as it often dictates the direction the body will move, thereby limiting the opponent’s ability to counteract or escape.

 

Strategic Importance

 

The strategic importance of the chin lock lies in its versatility and control. By manipulating the head, a practitioner can influence the opponent's balance and alignment, making it difficult for them to remain in a stable position or execute their techniques effectively. This hold can be a precursor to more complex maneuvers or takedowns, as controlling the head often leads to controlling the entire body.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

While the chin lock is an effective tool in a combat sports arsenal, it must be practiced with caution. Due to the nature of the force applied to the chin and neck, there is a risk of injury if the technique is performed incorrectly or with excessive force. Proper training and supervision are essential to ensure that practitioners apply this technique safely, respecting the physical limits and safety of both themselves and their training partners.

 

Ethical and Regulatory Aspects

 

In competitive settings, the legality and ethical use of the chin lock can vary. Some organizations may have specific rules regulating or prohibiting the use of certain head manipulations, including chin locks, especially if they pose a significant risk of injury. Practitioners must be aware of these rules and adapt their techniques accordingly to compete fairly and safely.

 

Comparative Analysis with Other Techniques

 

Compared to other grappling maneuvers, the chin lock offers a unique advantage due to its direct control over the opponent’s head. Other techniques, such as arm locks or leg locks, target limbs to create joint pain or to immobilize parts of the opponent's body. The chin lock, however, by controlling the head, affects the opponent's overall posture and orientation, which can be more immediately disabling.

 

Conclusion

 

In conclusion, the chin lock is a nuanced technique that emphasizes control and strategic dominance. Its effective use within the bounds of safety and regulation showcases a practitioner's skill in leveraging anatomical knowledge to gain an advantage in combat sports. Like all martial arts techniques, mastery of the chin lock requires disciplined practice, a deep understanding of human biomechanics, and a strong commitment to ethical sporting conduct.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pinning hold

 

Cradle: Compress opponent in a sit-up position to pin shoulders from side mount.

The "cradle" is a grappling technique commonly used in wrestling to secure control over an opponent and potentially lead to a pin. This move is notable for its ability to immobilize and control an opponent by compressing them into a position that resembles a sit-up, usually executed from a side mount or similar position. The cradle is highly effective in both amateur wrestling and other grappling-based sports because it combines elements of control, leverage, and positioning to subdue an opponent.

 

Technique and Execution

 

The cradle involves wrapping one arm around the opponent's neck and the other around the knees, then locking one’s hands together, typically around the opponent's leg or body. This configuration effectively pulls the opponent's upper body towards their knees, creating a tight "cradle" that compresses them into a curved, sit-up-like position. The practitioner executing the cradle uses their own body weight and positioning to add pressure, making it challenging for the opponent to escape.

 

Strategic Use

 

Strategically, the cradle is used to control an opponent's body by forcing them into a compact, uncomfortable position where their mobility is significantly restricted. This technique is particularly effective in achieving pins in wrestling, as it can force the opponent's shoulders towards the mat. The cradle can be initiated from various positions, but it is most commonly applied from the side mount, where the practitioner has lateral control over the opponent and can effectively apply downward pressure.

 

Variations

 

There are several variations of the cradle, each tailored to different situations and opponent reactions. The most common include:

- Near-side cradle: This is performed when the practitioner is on the same side as the opponent's curled legs, using the near arm to wrap the head and the far arm to capture the legs.

- Far-side cradle: Initiated from the opposite side of the opponent's curled legs, capturing the head with the far arm and the legs with the near arm.

- Cross-face cradle: Involves using a cross-face technique to turn the opponent's head away, making it easier to wrap the arms and complete the cradle.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

The cradle must be executed with precision and care. Improper application can lead to discomfort and potential injury, particularly to the neck and back of the opponent. In practice and competition, it is crucial to follow the rules and guidelines set forth by governing bodies to ensure that the technique is applied safely and ethically.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive wrestling, the cradle is a highly respected technique due to its effectiveness in controlling and potentially pinning an opponent. It requires a combination of strength, timing, and tactical awareness. Ethically, practitioners must ensure they apply the cradle without intending to cause harm, focusing instead on achieving control and scoring.

 

Conclusion

 

The cradle is a powerful technique in the grappling arts, valued for its ability to secure an opponent in a controlled and potentially match-ending position. It exemplifies the principles of leverage, control, and tactical execution in wrestling and is a testament to the skill and precision required in the sport. Mastery of the cradle, along with its variations, is essential for any competitive wrestler or grappler seeking to enhance their ability to dominate and win in the arena.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Staple: Using the opponent's clothing to help pin them against a surface.

 The "staple" is a tactical grappling technique employed primarily in martial arts like Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and various self-defense systems. It utilizes an opponent's clothing to control and pin them against a surface, such as the ground or a wall. This technique is especially effective in scenarios where using the environment to one’s advantage can lead to a dominant position or help subdue an opponent.

 

Technique and Execution

 

The staple involves grasping a piece of the opponent's clothing—commonly the gi in judo or jiu-jitsu—and using it to anchor the opponent to a surface. The execution typically involves several key steps:

1. Gaining Control: The practitioner must first close the distance and establish control over the opponent, often by securing a grip on the clothing.

2. Manipulating the Clothing: The clothing (such as a lapel, sleeve, or belt) is twisted or folded to create a firmer grip that can withstand pulling and holding pressure.

3. Applying the Staple: The practitioner uses the grip to press or pin the opponent against a surface. This could involve pushing them against the mat in a ground fighting scenario or against a wall in a self-defense situation.

4. Securing the Position: Once the opponent is pinned, the practitioner can apply additional techniques to maintain control, such as body weight distribution and strategic limb placement.

 

Strategic Use

 

The staple is highly strategic for several reasons. It allows a practitioner to control the opponent with minimal energy expenditure by using leverage and the environment. Additionally, it can be used as a transitional technique to set up more advanced positions or submissions. In self-defense, pinning an opponent can also provide a chance to escape or call for help.

 

Variations and Considerations

 

There are numerous variations of the staple, depending on the specific martial art and the scenario:

- Ground Staple: Used to pin an opponent to the ground using their clothing, often leading to ground control positions like side control or mount.

- Wall Staple: Employed in self-defense, using an opponent's clothing to pin them against a vertical surface, restricting their movement and ability to counterattack.

 

Safety is a significant consideration when practicing the staple, particularly in training environments. Excessive force or incorrect application can lead to clothing tears or, more seriously, joint and muscle injuries. Practitioners must be taught to apply the technique responsibly and within the ethical guidelines of their martial art.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive settings, such as judo or Brazilian jiu-jitsu, using an opponent’s clothing is a fundamental aspect of the sport. However, the rules regarding how clothing can be manipulated vary by organization and must be strictly followed to ensure fair play. Ethically, practitioners should focus on control and effectiveness rather than causing harm or discomfort beyond what is necessary for competition or self-defense.

 

Conclusion

 

The staple is a versatile and effective technique for controlling an opponent by utilizing their clothing and the environment. It exemplifies the principle of using one's surroundings to one’s advantage, a common theme in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Mastery of this technique can significantly enhance a practitioner's ability to control situations both competitively and in self-defense scenarios, making it a valuable addition to any martial artist’s repertoire.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

Grapevine: twisting limbs around limbs in a manner similar to a plant vine.

The "grapevine" is a grappling technique commonly used in wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and other martial arts, where a practitioner entwines their limbs with those of their opponent, resembling the way a vine wraps around a structure. This method is effective for controlling an opponent by restricting their movement and can be used as a means to secure a more dominant position or achieve a submission.

 

Technique and Execution

 

The grapevine involves wrapping one's legs around the opponent's legs in such a way that limits their ability to move or escape. The execution typically follows these steps:

 

1. Position Establishment: The practitioner usually starts from a top position, such as mount or side control, where they have significant control over the opponent’s torso.

 

2. Leg Entwinement: The practitioner extends their legs and hooks them around the outside of the opponent’s legs. The feet are often curled inward to hook behind the opponent’s calves or thighs, creating a binding effect.

 

3. Hip Pressure: To maximize control, the practitioner presses their hips downward, flattening the opponent against the ground. This pressure not only limits the opponent's movement but also tires them out, making it difficult for them to execute escape techniques.

 

4. Arm Control: While the legs are entwined, the practitioner may also seek to control the opponent's upper body, either by using their arms to restrict the opponent's arms or by applying pressure to the upper torso.

 

Strategic Use

 

The grapevine is primarily used for control rather than direct submission. By immobilizing an opponent's legs, a practitioner can prevent them from bridging, rolling, or performing other escape maneuvers, thus maintaining a dominant position such as the mount. This control allows the practitioner to look for submission opportunities or strike in combat sports that allow such actions.

 

Variations and Adaptations

 

Several variations of the grapevine can be applied depending on the situation and the specific martial art:

- Mounted Grapevine: Applied from the mount position, this involves hooking both legs around the opponent's legs while maintaining upper body control.

- Back Mount Grapevine: When taking the back, practitioners may use a grapevine variation to prevent the opponent from turning into them or escaping the back control.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

When applying the grapevine, it is important to consider the potential for causing knee or ligament injuries due to the twisting and pressure applied to the opponent’s legs. Practitioners must be trained to apply this technique with control and to recognize when an opponent is in genuine distress, particularly in training environments.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive settings, the grapevine is a legal and widely used technique in both wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. It is favored for its effectiveness in maintaining positional control and setting up other techniques. Ethically, practitioners must ensure that they apply the grapevine within the spirit of competition, focusing on control rather than causing unnecessary pain or injury.

 

Conclusion

 

The grapevine is a fundamental technique in grappling sports, emphasizing the importance of positional control and efficient use of one's limbs to manage an opponent. Its effectiveness in immobilizing opponents and setting up further offensive actions makes it a valuable technique for grapplers of all levels. Mastery of the grapevine requires careful practice and an understanding of body mechanics to be used effectively and safely.

 

 

 

 

Harness: A hold, which encircles the torso of an opponent, sometimes diagonally.

The "harness" is a grappling technique found in various martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and wrestling. This hold involves encircling the torso of an opponent, sometimes diagonally, to control their body and limit their movements effectively. The harness is also commonly referred to as a "body lock" or "seat belt grip" when used in specific contexts.

 

Technique and Execution

 

The harness involves wrapping the arms around the opponent's torso, with one arm going under the opponent's armpit and the other over the shoulder, effectively locking the hands together at the other side. This positioning can be adjusted based on whether control or submission is the primary goal. Here’s how it is typically executed:

 

1. Positioning: The practitioner approaches from the side or behind the opponent. The goal is to get close enough to wrap the arms around the opponent without allowing space for escape.

 

2. Arm Placement: One arm is threaded under the opponent's armpit (on the near side), and the other arm goes over the opponent's opposite shoulder, creating a diagonal across the back. This forms a loop around the opponent.

 

3. Hand Locking: The practitioner's hands are clasped together, usually at the wrist or the hands, to secure the hold. This grip is crucial as it provides the leverage needed to control the opponent.

 

4. Body Alignment: Proper alignment of the body is essential to maximize control. The practitioner pulls the opponent close into their chest, minimizing any gap between their bodies, which increases control and reduces the opponent's ability to escape.

 

Strategic Use

 

The harness is primarily used for control, particularly in positions where the practitioner is behind the opponent, such as the back mount. It is an effective way to restrain an opponent, making it easier to execute takedowns, maintain positional control, or set up submissions. The hold is especially prevalent in scenarios where maintaining control over an opponent is crucial, such as in self-defense situations or when securing a dominant position in competition.

 

Variations

 

- Seat Belt Control: Commonly used in Brazilian jiu-jitsu during back control, where one arm is over the opponent’s shoulder and the other under the armpit, with hands locked. This is often a precursor to rear naked chokes or other submissions.

- Full Harness: In wrestling, the harness can involve both arms wrapping around the opponent’s torso without crossing, clasping the hands to drag or control the opponent during maneuvers.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

As with many grappling techniques, the harness must be applied with care to prevent injuries, particularly to the back and ribs. Excessive force, especially in twisting motions, can cause significant strain or injury. Practitioners must learn to apply the technique with controlled intensity, particularly in practice sessions.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive grappling and martial arts, the harness is a widely accepted technique due to its effectiveness in controlling an opponent without striking. It is important, however, to adhere to the rules of the sport regarding the legality of certain grips and the application of pressure.

 

Conclusion

 

The harness is a versatile and effective control technique in the grappler’s toolkit, offering significant tactical advantages whether in competition, self-defense, or practice. It requires a blend of strength, technique, and tactical awareness to be applied effectively. Practitioners must master the nuances of this hold to utilize it fully, ensuring they maintain ethical standards and safety considerations in its application.

 

 

 

 

Headlock: Circling the opponent's head with an arm, especially from the side.  Also called a rear Chancery.

The "headlock," also known as a "rear chancery" in some wrestling circles, is a fundamental grappling technique used across various martial arts and combat sports including wrestling, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. This hold involves encircling an opponent’s head with an arm, typically from the side, to control their movement and posture effectively.

 

 Technique and Execution

 

The basic headlock is executed by wrapping an arm around the opponent's neck, with the opponent’s head tucked under the armpit. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of the technique:

 

1. Positioning: The practitioner positions themselves slightly to the side of the opponent, close enough to reach the opponent’s head.

 

2. Arm Placement: The practitioner’s arm goes around the opponent’s neck, ensuring the back of the opponent’s head is snugly fitted into the practitioner’s armpit. It’s crucial to keep the grip tight to prevent the opponent from slipping out.

 

3. Securing the Hold: The practitioner’s hand (from the arm that is encircling the neck) usually grasps their other hand or wrist to lock the position securely. This grip reinforces the hold, making it more difficult for the opponent to escape.

 

4. Leverage and Control: With the head secured, the practitioner can use their free hand to control the opponent’s body or apply additional techniques. The arm around the neck can also be used to apply pressure to the side of the head and neck, manipulating the opponent’s posture and balance.

 

Strategic Use

 

The headlock is not only a controlling move but can also be a transitional technique, leading to more dominant positions or submissions. In wrestling, it is often used to take the opponent down to the mat. In judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, it can transition into various chokes or set up throws and takedowns by disrupting the opponent’s balance and alignment.

 

Variations

 

- Standing Headlock: Applied from a standing position, it can lead to takedowns or be used to control an opponent during a clinch.

- Side Headlock: Often seen in wrestling, where the practitioner applies the headlock from the side, using their body weight to press down on the opponent.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

While the headlock is a widely used and relatively safe technique, incorrect application can lead to neck injuries or excessive pressure on the spine. Practitioners must learn to apply the headlock with care, especially during practice or in non-competitive environments.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive settings, the headlock is a legal and effective technique, though its usage must conform to the specific rules of the sport regarding neck manipulation and pressure. Ethically, practitioners should aim to use the headlock as a control technique without resorting to excessive force that could turn the move into a dangerous action.

 

Conclusion

 

The headlock is a versatile and powerful technique in the grappler’s repertoire, serving both offensive and defensive purposes. Mastery of the headlock involves understanding the mechanics of leverage and control, as well as the ethical implications of its use. When applied correctly, it can effectively neutralize an opponent, making it a staple technique in many martial arts disciplines.

 

 

 

 

Hooks: Wrapping the arm or leg around an opponent's limb(s) for greater control.

The term "hooks" in grappling refers to a technique where a practitioner wraps their arms or legs around an opponent's limbs or body to gain control. This method is widely employed in various martial arts, including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and wrestling. Hooks are fundamental to maintaining control, executing submissions, and transitioning between positions.

 

Technique and Execution

 

Hooks can be applied using either the arms or legs, depending on the situation and the specific goal of the practitioner:

 

1. Leg Hooks: Commonly used to control an opponent’s body or legs. For example, in the back mount position, leg hooks involve wrapping the legs around the opponent's thighs or waist to prevent them from escaping. The legs act as anchors, securing the top practitioner's position and limiting the bottom practitioner's ability to move.

 

2. Arm Hooks: These are often used to control an opponent’s arms or to manipulate their movement. For example, an arm hook can be applied by wrapping an arm around an opponent's arm in the clinch or during groundwork to control their posture or set up a submission.

 

Strategic Use

 

Hooks are crucial for controlling an opponent, maintaining positional dominance, and securing submissions. They are particularly important in positions like the back mount, where securing hooks can be the difference between maintaining a dominant position and allowing an opponent to escape. Hooks also play a significant role in transitions, where securing a limb can lead to advanced positions or create opportunities for submissions.

 

Variations

 

- Body Hooks: Applied by wrapping the legs around the opponent’s torso, often used in body triangles where one leg is threaded under the opponent’s knee, and locked by the other leg to squeeze and control the body.

- Heel Hooks: A specific type of leg entanglement focusing on controlling the opponent's leg and applying rotational force to the knee, commonly used in submission grappling.

- Underhooks and Overhooks: Used in wrestling and clinch fighting; underhooks involve placing an arm under the opponent’s arm, while overhooks involve wrapping the arm over the opponent’s arm. Both are used to control the opponent’s upper body and facilitate throws or takedowns.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

While hooks are an integral part of grappling, their application, especially in techniques like heel hooks, must be approached with caution due to the potential for joint and ligament damage. Practitioners must be trained to apply hooks with control and to heed their partners' submissions or taps promptly.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competition, the use of hooks is governed by the rules of the specific martial art or organization. For instance, heel hooks are restricted or banned in some traditional Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions due to their dangerous nature, but are allowed in no-gi submission grappling tournaments. Ethically, practitioners must ensure that they apply hooks with the intention of control and competitive advantage, not to inflict unnecessary pain or injury.

 

Conclusion

 

Hooks are a foundational technique in the arsenal of any grappler, offering a blend of control, positional dominance, and the potential for submissions. Mastery of hooks involves understanding the mechanics of leverage and control, the ability to anticipate an opponent's movements, and the judicious application of force. Whether using leg hooks to maintain a back mount or arm hooks to control a clinch, the effective use of hooks significantly enhances a practitioner's effectiveness on the mat.

 

 

 

 

Leg scissors: Causes compressive asphyxia by pressing the chest or abdomen.

The "leg scissors" is a grappling technique employed across various martial arts and combat sports, where a practitioner uses their legs to apply a compressive force around an opponent's torso, potentially targeting the chest or abdomen. This move is designed to exert control or force a submission by restricting the opponent's ability to breathe or move.

 

Technique and Execution

 

Leg scissors involve wrapping the legs around the opponent’s body and crossing the ankles or locking the feet to apply pressure. There are several key components to the execution of this technique:

 

1. Positioning: The practitioner positions themselves perpendicular or parallel to the opponent, depending on the desired control or submission angle. They must be close enough to wrap their legs effectively around the opponent’s torso.

 

2. Leg Wrapping: The legs are wrapped around the opponent’s midsection, either around the chest for upper body control or the abdomen for lower body control.

 

3. Securing the Hold: The ankles are crossed, or the feet are locked together to maintain a tight grip. The practitioner then squeezes their legs inward to apply pressure.

 

4. Application of Pressure: The practitioner uses their leg muscles to constrict the opponent’s torso, effectively compressing it. This action can restrict breathing (when applied to the chest) or cause discomfort (when applied to the abdomen), potentially leading to a submission.

 

Strategic Use

 

Leg scissors can be used effectively in several scenarios:

- Control: To maintain control over an opponent by limiting their mobility and breathing.

- Transition: To transition to more dominant positions or set up other submissions as the opponent reacts to the pressure.

- Submission: To force a tap-out through pain or asphyxia, especially in submission grappling.

 

Variations

 

- Body Scissors: Applied around the waist or lower ribs to control or wind the opponent.

- Head Scissors: Involves trapping the opponent's head between the thighs, used more for control than for submission due to the risks of severe neck injury.

 

Safety and Considerations

 

The leg scissors technique must be applied with caution due to the potential for causing serious injury. Excessive force, especially around the chest, can lead to complications like rib fractures, internal organ damage, or severe asphyxia. Practitioners must be trained to apply this technique responsibly and be aware of the signs of distress in their opponents.

 

Competitive and Ethical Aspects

 

In competitive environments, the legality of leg scissors varies by sport and governing body. For instance, body scissors might be legal in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and submission grappling, while certain types of scissor holds that impact the neck or head may be prohibited due to the higher risk of injury. Ethically, practitioners must ensure they use the technique within the bounds of sportsmanship and safety, avoiding unnecessary harm to their opponents.

 

Conclusion

 

Leg scissors is a powerful and effective grappling technique when used properly, capable of controlling opponents and securing submissions. However, its potential to cause significant injury demands that practitioners apply it with skill, precision, and an acute awareness of safety. Mastery of leg scissors, like all advanced grappling techniques, requires thorough training and a deep understanding of the mechanics and ethics involved in its application.

 

 

 

Scissor: places the opponent between the athlete's legs (like paper to be cut by scissors).

The "scissor" technique in martial arts and combat sports is a maneuver that involves positioning an opponent between the practitioner's legs, mimicking the action of a pair of scissors. This move can be found in various martial arts disciplines, including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and wrestling. It is particularly effective in controlling an opponent's movement, executing submissions, or preparing for more advanced techniques. Understanding its mechanics, applications, and the strategic context in which it is used provides a comprehensive view of its effectiveness.

 

Mechanics of the Scissor Technique

 

The basic premise of the scissor technique involves using the legs to encircle and control an opponent's body or limbs. Depending on the specific sport or martial art, the practitioner may target different parts of the opponent's body, such as the torso, legs, or arms. The key to this technique is the ability to quickly and effectively clamp the legs around the opponent, applying pressure and control. This movement requires flexibility, leg strength, and timing to ensure that the opponent is caught off-guard and unable to counter effectively.

 

The legs act like the blades of a scissor, with one leg typically going over the opponent and the other under, creating a clamping force that can be used to manipulate or immobilize the opponent. This positioning allows the practitioner to leverage their body weight and leg strength to maintain control while deciding the next course of action, which could be a submission, a transition to a more dominant position, or even a setup for a strike in combat sports that allow such maneuvers.

 

Applications in Combat Sports and Martial Arts

 

In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the scissor technique is often used to execute various chokes and joint locks. For example, the triangle choke involves one arm and the head of the opponent being trapped between the practitioner's legs, which are configured in a way that resembles a scissor. The legs cut off blood flow to the brain via the carotid arteries, leading to a potential submission.

 

In Judo, variants of the scissor technique appear in throws and takedowns, where the practitioner uses their legs to trip or flip an opponent. The movement is swift and requires precise execution to avoid penalties or counters, as improperly performed scissor takedowns can be dangerous and are sometimes penalized in competitive environments.

 

Wrestling employs scissor techniques primarily for control and pinning purposes. Wrestlers use their legs to break down an opponent’s posture and secure pins or to transition into more secure holds.

 

Strategic Use and Considerations

 

The strategic use of the scissor technique involves not only physical execution but also timing and anticipation. It is most effective when the opponent is moving forward or not expecting a lower-body attack. The element of surprise can significantly enhance the effectiveness of the scissors, making it a favored technique among practitioners who excel in reactive and adaptive combat styles.

 

However, there are risks involved. If the scissor move is telegraphed or poorly timed, the practitioner might find themselves in a vulnerable position, potentially leading to a counterattack. Additionally, due to the nature of the force applied during the move, there's a risk of injury to both the executor and the opponent, which necessitates proper training and, in some cases, restrictions in competition.

 

In conclusion, the scissor technique is a dynamic and powerful tool in the arsenal of a martial artist or combat sports athlete. It combines elements of control, surprise, and force, making it a complex yet rewarding maneuver when executed correctly. Mastery of this technique not only enhances a practitioner’s ability to subdue opponents but also deepens their understanding of body mechanics and combat strategy.

 

 

 

 

Stack: Compress opponent in vertical sit-up position (feet up) to pin their shoulders to mat.

The "stack" is a grappling technique commonly used in martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, and wrestling. This technique involves compressing the opponent into a compact position, resembling a vertical sit-up with their feet elevated, aiming to pin their shoulders to the mat. The stack is both a control and a submission position that puts significant pressure on the opponent's spine and neck, forcing them into a vulnerable posture where escape is challenging. Mastery of the stack requires understanding its mechanics, effective execution, and the strategic implications of its use in various grappling contexts.

 

Mechanics of the Stack

 

The fundamental goal of the stack is to fold the opponent over themselves, effectively collapsing their posture by driving their legs towards their head. The practitioner performing the stack typically controls the opponent's legs or hips, pushing them upward and inward while simultaneously applying forward pressure to the upper body or shoulders. This dual force compresses the opponent, bending their spine and restricting their ability to move or counter.

 

To execute a stack effectively, the practitioner needs a combination of strength, leverage, and timing. They often begin by gaining control over the opponent's legs, either by gripping the pants in Jiu-Jitsu, clasping the legs directly in wrestling, or using other appropriate methods depending on the rules of the sport. The practitioner then shifts their weight forward, often driving through their shoulders or hips, to fold the opponent's legs towards the head and press the shoulders against the mat.

 

Applications and Variations

 

In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the stack is often used to pass the guard — a defensive position where the opponent has their legs between themselves and the practitioner. By stacking the opponent, the practitioner can negate the guard and move to a more dominant position, such as side control or mount. Additionally, the stack can lead to submissions such as the stack pass to armbar, where the opponent's arm becomes vulnerable as they attempt to resist the stacking pressure.

 

In Judo, the stack might occur during the execution of certain throws or takedowns where the opponent is lifted and then folded over as part of the throw. The technique must be performed with care due to the high risk of neck and spine injuries.

 

Wrestling utilizes the stack primarily for pinning purposes. By folding the opponent and compressing their body, the wrestler can force the opponent's shoulders to the mat, aiming for a pin and thus winning the match. The effectiveness of a stack in wrestling also depends on the wrestler's ability to maintain pressure and prevent the opponent from unrolling or bridging out of the pin.

 

Strategic Considerations

 

Using the stack in a competitive environment requires a balance between aggression and technique. The practitioner must apply sufficient pressure to control and potentially submit the opponent but must also be aware of the risks of overcommitment, which can lead to reversals or penalties, especially if the stack is executed dangerously or illegally.

 

Safety is a significant concern with stacking techniques, as improper application can lead to severe neck or back injuries. Practitioners must learn and apply these techniques under qualified supervision and with a clear understanding of the safe and ethical ways to apply pressure without causing harm.

 

In summary, the stack is a powerful technique in the grappling arts for controlling, passing, and submitting opponents. Its effectiveness lies in the practitioner's ability to apply pressure and manipulate the opponent's body into a compromised position. However, it must be used with caution and respect for the opponent's safety, emphasizing the importance of technique and control over brute force.